|
1
|
Yu Y, Li K, Peng Y, Zhang Z, Pu F, Shao Z
and Wu W: Tumor microenvironment in osteosarcoma: From cellular
mechanism to clinical therapy. Genes Dis. 12:1015692025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
2
|
Zhang L, Jiang H and Ma H: Progress in
immune microenvironment, immunotherapy and prognostic biomarkers in
pediatric osteosarcoma. Front Immunol. 16:15485272025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
3
|
Yu S and Yao X: Advances on immunotherapy
for osteosarcoma. Mol Cancer. 23:1922024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
4
|
Dutour A, Pasello M, Farrow L, Amer MH,
Entz-Werlé N, Nathrath M, Scotlandi K, Mittnacht S and
Gomez-Mascard A: Microenvironment matters: Insights from the FOSTER
consortium on microenvironment-driven approaches to osteosarcoma
therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 44:442025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
5
|
El Motassime A, Vitiello R, Comodo RM,
Capece G, Bocchino G, Bocchi MB, Maccauro G and Meschini C:
Osteosarcoma: A comprehensive morphological and molecular review
with prognostic implications. Biology (Basel).
14:14072025.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
6
|
Hattinger CM, Salaroglio IC, Fantoni L,
Godel M, Casotti C, Kopecka J, Scotlandi K, Ibrahim T, Riganti C
and Serra M: Strategies to overcome resistance to immune-based
therapies in osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci. 24:7992023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
7
|
Sun CY, Zhang Z, Tao L, Xu FF, Li HY,
Zhang HY and Liu W: T cell exhaustion drives osteosarcoma
pathogenesis. Ann Transl Med. 9:14472021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
8
|
Ligon JA, Choi W, Cojocaru G, Fu W, Hsiue
EHC, Oke TF, Siegel N, Fong MH, Ladle B, Pratilas CA, et al:
Pathways of immune exclusion in metastatic osteosarcoma are
associated with inferior patient outcomes. J Immunother Cancer.
9:e0017722021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
9
|
Wang H, Zhu T, Yang K, Xu C, Zhang Z, Liu
G and Ren H: Decoding the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma:
New insights into checkpoints, vaccines, and CAR-T cells. Front
Oncol. 15:17022192025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
10
|
Chen C, Xie L, Ren T, Huang Y, Xu J and
Guo W: Immunotherapy for osteosarcoma: Fundamental mechanism,
rationale, and recent breakthroughs. Cancer Lett. 500:1–10. 2021.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
11
|
Zheng X, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Wu W and
Yu S and Yu S: A single-cell and spatially resolved atlas of human
osteosarcomas. J Hematol Oncol. 17:712024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Jiang S, Lv J, Feng W, Yu Y and
Zhao H: Osteosarcoma immune microenvironment: Cellular struggle and
novel therapeutic insights. Front Immunol. 16:15844502025.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
13
|
Liu W, Hu H, Shao Z, Lv X, Zhang Z, Deng
X, Song Q, Han Y, Guo T, Xiong L, et al: Characterizing the tumor
microenvironment at the single-cell level reveals a novel immune
evasion mechanism in osteosarcoma. Bone Res. 11:42023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
14
|
Tian H, Cao J, Li B, Nice EC, Mao H, Zhang
Y and Huang C: Managing the immune microenvironment of
osteosarcoma: The outlook for osteosarcoma treatment. Bone Res.
11:112023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
15
|
McGee LE, Pereira JS, McEachron TA, Mazcko
C, LeBlanc AK and Beck JA: The tumor microenvironment of metastatic
osteosarcoma in the human and canine lung. Commun Biol. 8:7562025.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
16
|
Zhu T, Han J, Yang L, Cai Z, Sun W, Hua Y
and Xu J: Immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma: Components,
therapeutic strategies and clinical applications. Front Immunol.
13:9075502022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
17
|
Bassi G, Saqawa M, Apolloni L, Díaz-Prado
S, Ollivier E, Levergeois R, Sandri M, Campodoni E, Cochonneau D,
Panseri S, et al: Deciphering the interaction between osteosarcoma
and mesenchymal stem cells in a 3D bone-mimetic co-culture model.
Biomed Pharmacother. 195:1189562026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
18
|
Lin J, Xu A, Jin J, Zhang M, Lou J, Qian
C, Zhu J, Wang Y, Yang Z, Li X, et al: MerTK-mediated efferocytosis
promotes immune tolerance and tumor progression in osteosarcoma
through enhancing M2 polarization and PD-L1 expression.
Oncoimmunology. 11:20249412022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
19
|
Li H, Guo Z, Zou Y, Zhang J, Shi J, Fu X,
Tu J, Yao H, Lu X, Wen L and Xie X: Tumor extracellular vesicles
lncOSLMT drives lung inflammatory premetastatic niche formation in
osteosarcoma via m6A-dependent hnRNPA2B1/COX-2 axis. Adv
Sci (Weinh). 13:e194902026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
20
|
Reinecke JB, Jimenez Garcia L, Saraf AJ,
Hinckley J, Gross AC, Le Pommellet H, Gutpell KM, Cam M, Cannon MV,
Gust MJ, et al: Metastasis-initiating osteosarcoma subpopulations
establish paracrine interactions with lung and tumor cells to
create a metastatic niche. Cancer Res. 85:4341–4358. 2025.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
21
|
Neophytou CM, Panagi M, Stylianopoulos T
and Papageorgis P: The role of tumor microenvironment in cancer
metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.
Cancers (Basel). 13:20532021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
22
|
Green BN, Johnson CD and Adams A: Writing
narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of
the trade. J Chiropr Med. 5:101–117. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
23
|
Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S and Mertens S:
SANRA: A scale for the quality assessment of narrative review
articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 4:52019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
24
|
Song C, Tong T, Dai B, Zhu Y, Chen E,
Zhang M and Zhang W: Osteoimmunology in bone malignancies: A
symphony with evil. J Natl Cancer Cent. 4:354–368. 2024.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
25
|
Taylor AM, Sheng J, Ng PKS, Harder JM,
Kumar P, Ahn JY, Cao Y, Dzis AM, Jillette NL, Goodspeed A, et al:
Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of osteosarcoma. Cancers
(Basel). 17:21172025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
26
|
Orrapin S, Moonmuang S, Udomruk S,
Yongpitakwattana P, Pruksakorn D and Chaiyawat P: Unlocking the
tumor-immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma: insights into the
immune landscape and mechanisms. Front Immunol. 15:13942842024.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
27
|
Liu Y, Feng W, Dai Y, Bao M, Yuan Z, He M,
Qin Z, Liao S, He J, Huang Q, et al: Single-cell transcriptomics
reveals the complexity of the tumor microenvironment of
treatment-naive osteosarcoma. Front Oncol. 11:7092102021.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
28
|
Huang Q, Liang X, Ren T, Huang Y, Zhang H,
Yu Y, Chen C, Wang W, Niu J, Lou J and Guo W: The role of
tumor-associated macrophages in osteosarcoma
progression-therapeutic implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr).
44:525–539. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
29
|
Ma J, Chen Z, Li Q, Wang L, Chen J, Yang
X, Yang C and Quan Z: RARRES2 is involved in the ‘lock-and-key’
interactions between osteosarcoma stem cells and tumor-associated
macrophages. Sci Rep. 14:22672024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
30
|
Liu Z, Zhang L and Zhong Y:
Characterization of osteosarcoma subtypes mediated by
macrophage-related genes and creation and validation of a risk
score system to quantitatively assess the prognosis of osteosarcoma
and reflect the tumor microenvironment. Ann Transl Med.
10:13182022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
31
|
Pan F, Pan R, Hu R, Zhang H, Lei S, Zhang
L, Zhou C, Zeng Z, Tian X and Xie Q: Analysis of the effects of M2
macrophage-derived PDE4C on the prognosis, metastasis and
immunotherapy benefit of osteosarcoma. J Cell Mol Med.
28:e183952024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
32
|
Lin S, Shu L, Guo Y, Yuan J, Zhang J, Wang
Y, Yang Y and Yuan T: Cargo-eliminated osteosarcoma-derived small
extracellular vesicles mediating competitive cellular uptake for
inhibiting pulmonary metastasis of osteosarcoma. J
Nanobiotechnology. 22:3602024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
33
|
Deng C, Xu Y, Chen H, Zhu X, Huang L, Chen
Z, Xu H, Song G, Lu J, Huang W, et al:
Extracellular-vesicle-packaged S100A11 from osteosarcoma cells
mediates lung premetastatic niche formation by recruiting gMDSCs.
Cell Rep. 43:1137512024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
34
|
Li J, Bai Y, Zhang H, Chen T and Shang G:
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the communications between tumor
microenvironment components and tumor metastasis in osteosarcoma.
Front Immunol. 15:14455552024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
35
|
Song X, Tou X, Li L, Wang F, Qian C, Wang
R and Shen J: Efferocytosis-associated transcriptomic patterns
characterize prognosis and immune landscape in osteosarcoma. J Bone
Oncol. 57:1007432026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
36
|
Zhou L and Matsushima GK: Tyro3, Axl,
Mertk receptor-mediated efferocytosis and immune regulation in the
tumor environment. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 361:165–210. 2021.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
37
|
Bae SH, Kim JH, Park TH, Lee K, Lee BI and
Jang H: BMS794833 inhibits macrophage efferocytosis by directly
binding to MERTK and inhibiting its activity. Exp Mol Med.
54:1450–1460. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
38
|
Wang Y, Gao S, Zhang G, Xiao W, Xu B and
Li W: Extracellular vesicles in sarcoma: Implications for tumor
progression and therapy. Int J Nanomedicine. 20:13759–13779. 2025.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
39
|
Wang J and Shi K: Role of tumor-derived
exosomes and immune cells in osteosarcoma progression and targeted
therapy. Front Immunol. 16:16583582025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
40
|
Gui Y, Peng M, Huang Y, Chen Z, Chen J,
Xiao J, Liu D and Hou Y: New insights into extracellular vesicles
in metastatic cancer: From mechanisms to diagnostics and targeted
therapies. Mol Ther. 33:4731–4747. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
41
|
Zhongyu X, Wei X, Hongmei Z, Xiaodong G,
Xiaojing Y, Yuanpei L, Li Z, Zhenmin F and Jianda X: Review of
pre-metastatic niches induced by osteosarcoma-derived extracellular
vesicles in lung metastasis: A potential opportunity for diagnosis
and intervention. Biomed Pharmacother. 178:1172032024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
42
|
Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA,
Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB,
Kumar R, et al: Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in
therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 9:272024.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
43
|
Mo Z, Cheong A, Xiang L, Le MTN, Grimson A
and Zhang DX: Extracellular vesicle-associated organotropic
metastasis. Cell Prolif. 54:e129482021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
44
|
Han X, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang F, Li T, Zhang Q,
Wang G and Feng J: Integrated multi-omics reveals GABARAP-mediated
mitophagy and pyruvate metabolism as key drivers of osteosarcoma
progression. Front Immunol. 16:16805542025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
45
|
Yu Y, Yu J and Pan Z: Endoplasmic
reticulum stress-related features predict the prognosis of
osteosarcoma and reveal STC2 as a novel risk indicator for disease
progression. Front Oncol. 14:14531732024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
46
|
Li J, Wang W, Li L and Yu K: Prognostic
and immunomodulatory roles of BNIP3 in osteosarcoma revealed by
integrated single-cell and bulk transcriptomic profiling. Int J
Genomics. 2026:92722642026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
47
|
Ilieva E, Avnet S, Baldini N and Cortini
M: The unfolded protein response in sarcomas: From proteostasis to
therapy resistance. Cancers (Basel). 17:34892025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
48
|
Boyce BF and Xing L: Functions of
RANKL/RANK/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling. Arch Biochem
Biophys. 473:139–146. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
49
|
Li Z, Lin D, Wu L, Xu W, Zhang H, Zhuang
Z, Zhang L, Chen J and Su Z: Macrophage-centered immunotherapy for
osteosarcoma: Mechanisms, repolarization, and translational
strategies. World J Surg Oncol. 24:1652026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
50
|
Coelho RML, Debets R and Hammerl D:
Tumor-associated macrophages: Untapped molecular targets to improve
T cell-based immunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 24:2612025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
51
|
Kloosterman DJ and Akkari L: Macrophages
at the interface of the co-evolving cancer ecosystem. Cell.
186:1627–1651. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
52
|
Tang H, Cai Y, Yang M, Tang S, Huang Q, Li
H, Liu S, Teng H, Xie T, He M, et al: Single-cell and spatial
transcriptomics reveals the key role of MCAM+ tip-like
endothelial cells in osteosarcoma metastasis. NPJ Precis Oncol.
9:1042025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
53
|
Wang Q, Shao X, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Wang FXC,
Mu J, Li J, Yao H and Chen K: Role of tumor microenvironment in
cancer progression and therapeutic strategy. Cancer Med.
12:11149–11165. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
54
|
Yin C, Wu Y, Qu X, Wu W, Zhang B and Chen
J: Extracellular vesicles in osteosarcoma: Mechanisms, diagnostics
and therapeutic applications. Drug Des Devel Ther. 20:5650592026.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
55
|
Li G, Xu J, Tian X, Xiao J, Long J, Chen
Y, Shen W and Zhao S: Efferocytosis: The art of cellular clearance
and novel perspectives in disease therapy. Mol Cancer. 24:2682025.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
56
|
Jin J, Yuan P, Yu W, Lin J, Xu A, Xu X,
Lou J, Yu T, Qian C, Liu B, et al: Mitochondria-targeting polymer
micelle of dichloroacetate induced pyroptosis to enhance
osteosarcoma immunotherapy. ACS Nano. 16:10327–10340. 2022.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
57
|
Qiu H, Shao Z, Wen X, Liu Z, Chen Z, Qu D,
Ding X and Zhang L: Efferocytosis: An accomplice of cancer immune
escape. Biomed Pharmacother. 167:1155402023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
58
|
Lahey KC, Gadiyar V, Hill A, Desind S,
Wang Z, Davra V, Patel R, Zaman A, Calianese D and Birge RB: Mertk:
An emerging target in cancer biology and immuno-oncology. Int Rev
Cell Mol Biol. 368:35–59. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
59
|
Hanahan D: Hallmarks of cancer: New
dimensions. Cancer Discov. 12:31–46. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
60
|
Wang Y, Jia J, Wang F, Fang Y, Yang Y,
Zhou Q, Yuan W, Gu X, Hu J and Yang S: Pre-metastatic niche:
Formation, characteristics and therapeutic implication. Signal
Transduct Target Ther. 9:2362024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
61
|
Chen J, Shao Y, Guo J, Hu K, Yang X, Huang
T and Zhou H: CCL5-mediated immune interactions drive osteosarcoma
progression: Insights from Mendelian randomization, single-cell
analysis, and functional validation. J Inflamm Res.
19:5591672026.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
62
|
Gyau BB and Man TK: A spatiotemporal model
of CXCL10 as a master regulator of immune evasion and metastasis in
osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci. 27:3192025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
63
|
Li Y, Zheng Y, Tan X, Du Y, Wei Y and Liu
S: Extracellular vesicle-mediated pre-metastatic niche formation
via altering host microenvironments. Front Immunol. 15:13673732024.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
64
|
Li S, Zhang H and Shang G: Current status
and future challenges of CAR-T cell therapy for osteosarcoma. Front
Immunol. 14:12907622023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
65
|
Li J, Yang C, Wang L and Li S:
Multifunctional nanoplatforms deciphering immune resistance in bone
tumors: Cooperative delivery, immune reprogramming and
microenvironment remodeling. J Nanobiotechnology. 24:3562026.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
66
|
Sun W, Tao Y, He X, Zhang Q, Yang X, Dong
H, Wang H, Chen W, Yao B, Zhang L, et al: Reconstruction of T cell
infiltration in an osteosarcoma PDX-organoid interactive biobank
for personalized immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med. 7:1026442026.
View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
67
|
Xie Y, Wang H, Zeng F, Zhang Y, Huang J,
Chen C and Wang S: Exploiting B7-H3: Molecular insights and
immunotherapeutic strategies for osteosarcoma. Bioengineering
(Basel). 12:13442025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
68
|
Hwang S, Bates PD, Valkanioti V, Chang CC,
Mecozzi S and Capitini CM: Development and evaluation of an
inhalable nanoemulsion system for enhancing NK cell function
against osteosarcoma pulmonary metastases. Front Immunol.
17:17723752026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
69
|
Xiao Y, Zhu T, Chen Z and Huang X: Lung
metastasis and recurrence is mitigated by CAR macrophages,
in-situ-generated from mRNA delivered by small extracellular
vesicles. Nat Commun. 16:71662025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
70
|
Chen J, Zhang W, Yan H, Chen J, Liu H,
Zhou X, Zhang H and Cheng D: Single-cell dissection of PTM-related
networks reveals an immunosuppressed osteosarcoma ecosystem. Front
Mol Biosci. 12:17189412025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
71
|
Qiu G, Tang Y, Zuo J, Wu H and Wan Y:
Deciphering spatially confined immune evasion niches in
osteosarcoma with 3-D spatial transcriptomics: A literature review.
Front Oncol. 15:16406452025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
72
|
Izubuchi Y, Hosoe N, Tanaka T, Watanabe Y,
Kobayashi T, Nakajima H, Kidoya H and Matsumine A: Antitumor
effects of PD-1 blockade combined with mild hyperthermia in a
murine osteosarcoma model. Biomedicines. 14:3412026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
73
|
Sun C, Li S and Ding J:
Biomaterials-boosted immunotherapy for osteosarcoma. Adv Healthc
Mater. 13:e24008642024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
74
|
Gong R, Jin XM, Cui X, Sun JH, Xie WP and
Zhang YK: Allicin inhibits PD-L1 through the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3
pathway to suppress immune evasion in osteosarcoma. Front Immunol.
17:17350902026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
75
|
Tong Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Wen S, Wang D, Li
Z, Peng Y, Wang W, Miao J, Xiao H, et al: Manganese-potentiated
cGAS-STING activation with ATM/PRMT5 inhibition remodels the
immunosuppressive microenvironment in osteosarcoma via
bone-targeted delivery. Bioact Mater. 63:117–135. 2026.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
76
|
Mizuta K, Kubota Y, Aoki Y, Morinaga S,
Asano Y, Miyashi Y, Bouvet M, Tome Y, Nishida K and Hoffman RM:
Methionine restriction alone induces T-cell-mediated immunotherapy
of osteosarcoma in a syngeneic mouse model. In Vivo. 40:813–825.
2026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
|
77
|
Pei YH, Wang Z, Zheng YS, Wang ZY, Cao CW,
Liang HJ, Wang BY, Jin ZJ, Lin SY, Chen LX, et al: Activation of
α2-adrenergic receptors as a therapeutic strategy for immune
rejection in post-surgery osteosarcoma recurrence treatment. J
Orthop Transl. 56:1010092026.PubMed/NCBI
|
|
78
|
Li MP, Long SP, Liu WC, Long K and Gao XH:
EMT-related gene classifications predict the prognosis, immune
infiltration, and therapeutic response of osteosarcoma. Front
Pharmacol. 15:14190402024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
|
