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Review Open Access

Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Huiya Jin
    • Hui Sun
    • Jing Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Jin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 478
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    Published online on: August 26, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15833
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Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, as the majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced disease stage. CA19‑9, the biomarker most commonly used in clinical practice, lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity for early PDAC detection. Increasing evidence indicates that alterations in gut, oral and tumor‑associated microbiota are associated with PDAC development and progression, supporting the potential diagnostic value of microbiome‑based biomarkers in this disease. Multiple diagnostic models have been developed for PDAC using fecal, salivary or tissue‑derived microbial profiles, and the combination of microbial signatures with CA19‑9 or metabolomic markers has improved diagnostic performance in a number of cohorts. Despite these advancements, the clinical translation of microbiome‑based models remains limited by methodological heterogeneity, patient‑related variability, low levels of microbial biomass in pancreatic tissue and a lack of large‑scale prospective validation. In addition, the majority of available evidence for microbiota‑based alterations in PDAC is derived from retrospective case‑control studies, and the reported diagnostic performance should therefore be interpreted cautiously. The present review summarizes current evidence on PDAC‑associated microbial alterations and microbiome‑based diagnostic models, and discusses the methodological, biological and regulatory challenges that must be addressed before microbiota‑based approaches can be integrated into routine clinical practice.
View Figures

Figure 1

Conceptual overview of microbiome
involvement in PDAC. Microbial dysbiosis in the gut, oral cavity
and tissue- or tumor-associated microbial communities may
contribute to PDAC initiation and progression through multiple
interconnected mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, immune
dysregulation, metabolic reprogramming and modulation of the tumor
microenvironment. Potential microbiota-host interactions and
downstream biological processes may influence tumor development and
disease progression. These interactions support the potential of
microbiota-based models for PDAC diagnosis and risk assessment in
multiple clinical applications, including early disease detection,
risk stratification, prognostic predictions and treatment
monitoring. Created with BioRender.com. PDAC, pancreatic ductal
adenocarcinoma; LHRH, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

Figure 2

Mechanistic links between
microbiota-derived products, PDAC progression and TME remodeling.
Microbial dysbiosis in the gut, oral cavity and tumor- or
tissue-associated microbial communities may contribute to PDAC
progression through microbiota-derived molecules and metabolites,
including LPS, bacterial DNA, peptidoglycans, SCFAs, tryptophan
metabolites and secondary bile acids. These microbial products may
engage or converge on host signaling pathways, including the TLR4,
MyD88, NF-κB, STAT3, AHR, NLRP3 and MAPK/PI3K/AKT signaling
pathways. Collectively, these pathways may promote chronic
inflammation via IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α production, immune
suppression via mechanisms such as Treg expansion, M2 macrophage
polarization and CD8+ T-cell dysfunction; and iii)
metabolic reprogramming, thereby facilitating TME remodeling and
PDAC initiation and progression. Potential clinical implications of
these microbiota-based mechanistic links in PDAC include biomarker
development, microbial biomarker-based risk stratification,
microbiota-targeted therapy and immunotherapy modulation. SCFA,
short-chain fatty acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLR4, toll-like
receptor 4; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88;
AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding
oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3; Treg, regulatory T
cell; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; TME, tumor
microenvironment. Created with BioRender.com.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Jin H, Sun H and Yang J: Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review). Oncol Lett 32: 478, 2026.
APA
Jin, H., Sun, H., & Yang, J. (2026). Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review). Oncology Letters, 32, 478. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15833
MLA
Jin, H., Sun, H., Yang, J."Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review)". Oncology Letters 32.4 (2026): 478.
Chicago
Jin, H., Sun, H., Yang, J."Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review)". Oncology Letters 32, no. 4 (2026): 478. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15833
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Jin H, Sun H and Yang J: Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review). Oncol Lett 32: 478, 2026.
APA
Jin, H., Sun, H., & Yang, J. (2026). Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review). Oncology Letters, 32, 478. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15833
MLA
Jin, H., Sun, H., Yang, J."Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review)". Oncology Letters 32.4 (2026): 478.
Chicago
Jin, H., Sun, H., Yang, J."Microbiome‑based diagnostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Current evidence and translational challenges (Review)". Oncology Letters 32, no. 4 (2026): 478. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15833
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