Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
April 2013 Volume 29 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April 2013 Volume 29 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways

  • Authors:
    • Li-Juan Wang
    • Su-Xia Han
    • E Bai
    • Xia Zhou
    • Meng Li
    • Gui-Hua Jing
    • Jing Zhao
    • An-Gang Yang
    • Qing Zhu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China, Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1563-1569
    |
    Published online on: January 21, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2245
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The majority of breast cancers undergo progression from an initially endocrine responsive phenotype to an endocrine therapy-resistant phenotype, and acquired resistance to tamoxifen (Tam) is a major clinical problem. In the present study, we aimed to identify the function and mechanism of Tam at different concentrations in cells with acquired Tam resistance. Estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells were cultured with Tam to generate Tam-resistant (TAM-R) breast cancer cells or in estrogen-free medium to mimic the effects of clinical treatment. In addition, we analyzed the effects of different concentrations of Tam on TAM-R cells by cell counting. Furthermore, the crosstalk between the stimulatory G protein α subunit (Gαs) and the activation of ERK1/2 and AKT in TAM-R cells was examined by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and immunoblotting methods. Low-dose Tam was found to act as an estrogen agonist via stimulation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, resulting in acquired resistance to Tam, whereas high-dose Tam inhibited TAM-R cell growth by blocking the activation of ERK1/2 and AKT. Moreover, Gαs was involved in Tam resistance in breast cancer cells. Taken together, our study demonstrated a dose-dependent growth response to Tam in TAM-R cells, which will promote the understanding of the importance of the appropriate use and dosage of Tam in the clinic.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet. 351:1451–1467. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Powles TJ, Ashley S, Tidy A, Smith IE and Dowsett M: Twenty-year follow-up of the Royal Marsden randomized, double-blinded tamoxifen breast cancer prevention trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 99:283–290. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Cuzick J, Powles T, Veronesi U, et al: Overview of the main outcomes in breast-cancer prevention trials. Lancet. 361:296–300. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kurebayashi J: Resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 56(Suppl 1): 39–46. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Campbell RA, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Patel NM, Constantinidou D, Ali S and Nakshatri H: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-mediated activation of estrogen receptor alpha: a new model for anti-estrogen resistance. J Biol Chem. 276:9817–9824. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Gee JM, Robertson JF, Ellis IO and Nicholson RI: Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase is associated with poor response to anti-hormonal therapy and decreased patient survival in clinical breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 95:247–254. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ignatov A, Ignatov T, Weissenborn C, et al: G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30 and tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 128:457–466. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Miller TW, Balko JM and Arteaga CL: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 29:4452–4461. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Brunner N, Frandsen TL, Holst-Hansen C, et al: MCF7/LCC2: a 4-hydroxytamoxifen resistant human breast cancer variant that retains sensitivity to the steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Cancer Res. 53:3229–3232. 1993.

10 

Ignatov A, Ignatov T, Roessner A, Costa SD and Kalinski T: Role of GPR30 in the mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 123:87–96. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Shou J, Massarweh S, Osborne CK, et al: Mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance: increased estrogen receptor-HER2/neu cross-talk in ER/HER2-positive breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96:926–935. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Benz CC, Scott GK, Sarup JC, et al: Estrogen-dependent, tamoxifen-resistant tumorigenic growth of MCF-7 cells transfected with HER2/neu. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 24:85–95. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Ward A, Balwierz A, Zhang JD, et al: Re-expression of microRNA-375 reverses both tamoxifen resistance and accompanying EMT-like properties in breast cancer. Oncogene. Apr 16–2012.(Epub ahead of print).

14 

Hurtado A, Holmes KA, Geistlinger TR, et al: Regulation of ERBB2 by oestrogen receptor-PAX2 determines response to tamoxifen. Nature. 456:663–666. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Britton DJ, Hutcheson IR, Knowlden JM, et al: Bidirectional cross talk between ERalpha and EGFR signalling pathways regulates tamoxifen-resistant growth. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 96:131–146. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Clark AS, West K, Streicher S and Dennis PA: Constitutive and inducible Akt activity promotes resistance to chemotherapy, trastuzumab, or tamoxifen in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 1:707–717. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Gerits N, Kostenko S, Shiryaev A, Johannessen M and Moens U: Relations between the mitogen-activated protein kinase and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathways: comradeship and hostility. Cell Signal. 20:1592–1607. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Liu AM, Lo RK, Wong CS, Morris C, Wise H and Wong YH: Activation of STAT3 by G alpha(s) distinctively requires protein kinase A, JNK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem. 281:35812–35825. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Selever J, Gu G, Lewis MT, et al: Dicer-mediated upregulation of BCRP confers tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 17:6510–6521. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Schafer JM, Bentrem DJ, Takei H, Gajdos C, Badve S and Jordan VC: A mechanism of drug resistance to tamoxifen in breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 83:75–83. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wiebe VJ, Osborne CK, Fuqua SA and DeGregorio MW: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 14:173–188. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Clarke R, Liu MC, Bouker KB, et al: Antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer and the role of estrogen receptor signaling. Oncogene. 22:7316–7339. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Schwartz JL, Shajahan AN and Clarke R: The role of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) in overcoming antiestrogen resistance in the treatment of breast cancer. Int J Breast Cancer. 2011:9121022011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Zhou C, Zhong Q, Rhodes LV, et al: Proteomic analysis of acquired tamoxifen resistance in MCF-7 cells reveals expression signatures associated with enhanced migration. Breast Cancer Res. 14:R452012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Canney PA, Griffiths T, Latief TN and Priestman TJ: Clinical significance of tamoxifen withdrawal response. Lancet. 1:361987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Howell A, Dodwell DJ, Anderson H and Redford J: Response after withdrawal of tamoxifen and progestogens in advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 3:611–617. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Banerjee S, Kambhampati S, Haque I and Banerjee SK: Pomegranate sensitizes tamoxifen action in ER-alpha positive breast cancer cells. J Cell Commun Signal. 5:317–324. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Leung E, Kannan N, Krissansen GW, Findlay MP and Baguley BC: MCF-7 breast cancer cells selected for tamoxifen resistance acquire new phenotypes differing in DNA content, phospho-HER2 and PAX2 expression, and rapamycin sensitivity. Cancer Biol Ther. 9:717–724. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

deGraffenried LA, Friedrichs WE, Russell DH, et al: Inhibition of mTOR activity restores tamoxifen response in breast cancer cells with aberrant Akt Activity. Clin Cancer Res. 10:8059–8067. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Vivacqua A, Bonofiglio D, Recchia AG, et al: The G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 mediates the proliferative effects induced by 17beta-estradiol and hydroxytamoxifen in endometrial cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 20:631–646. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Carmeci C, Thompson DA, Ring HZ, Francke U and Weigel RJ: Identification of a gene (GPR30) with homology to the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily associated with estrogen receptor expression in breast cancer. Genomics. 45:607–617. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Filardo EJ, Graeber CT, Quinn JA, et al: Distribution of GPR30, a seven membrane-spanning estrogen receptor, in primary breast cancer and its association with clinicopathologic determinants of tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res. 12:6359–6366. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Li Y, Birnbaumer L and Teng CT: Regulation of ERRalpha gene expression by estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists in SKBR3 breast cancer cells: differential molecular mechanisms mediated by g protein-coupled receptor GPR30/GPER-1. Mol Endocrinol. 24:969–980. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Kleuser B, Malek D, Gust R, Pertz HH and Potteck H: 17-Beta-estradiol inhibits transforming growth factor-beta signaling and function in breast cancer cells via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase through the G protein-coupled receptor 30. Mol Pharmacol. 74:1533–1543. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Massarweh S, Osborne CK, Creighton CJ, et al: Tamoxifen resistance in breast tumors is driven by growth factor receptor signaling with repression of classic estrogen receptor genomic function. Cancer Res. 68:826–833. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Hutcheson IR, Knowlden JM, Madden TA, et al: Oestrogen receptor-mediated modulation of the EGFR/MAPK pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 81:81–93. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Zheng B, Lavoie C, Tang TD, et al: Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor degradation by heterotrimeric Galphas protein. Mol Biol Cell. 15:5538–5550. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Stryjek-Kaminska D, Piiper A and Zeuzem S: Epidermal growth factor regulates adenylate cyclase activity via Gs and Gi1–2 proteins in pancreatic acinar membranes. Biochem J. 316:87–91. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Maggiolini M and Picard D: The unfolding stories of GPR30, a new membrane-bound estrogen receptor. J Endocrinol. 204:105–114. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Huiart L, Dell'Aniello S and Suissa S: Use of tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors in a large population-based cohort of women with breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 104:1558–1563. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang L, Han S, Bai E, Zhou X, Li M, Jing G, Zhao J, Yang A and Zhu Q: Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 29: 1563-1569, 2013.
APA
Wang, L., Han, S., Bai, E., Zhou, X., Li, M., Jing, G. ... Zhu, Q. (2013). Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways. Oncology Reports, 29, 1563-1569. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2245
MLA
Wang, L., Han, S., Bai, E., Zhou, X., Li, M., Jing, G., Zhao, J., Yang, A., Zhu, Q."Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways". Oncology Reports 29.4 (2013): 1563-1569.
Chicago
Wang, L., Han, S., Bai, E., Zhou, X., Li, M., Jing, G., Zhao, J., Yang, A., Zhu, Q."Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways". Oncology Reports 29, no. 4 (2013): 1563-1569. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2245
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang L, Han S, Bai E, Zhou X, Li M, Jing G, Zhao J, Yang A and Zhu Q: Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 29: 1563-1569, 2013.
APA
Wang, L., Han, S., Bai, E., Zhou, X., Li, M., Jing, G. ... Zhu, Q. (2013). Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways. Oncology Reports, 29, 1563-1569. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2245
MLA
Wang, L., Han, S., Bai, E., Zhou, X., Li, M., Jing, G., Zhao, J., Yang, A., Zhu, Q."Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways". Oncology Reports 29.4 (2013): 1563-1569.
Chicago
Wang, L., Han, S., Bai, E., Zhou, X., Li, M., Jing, G., Zhao, J., Yang, A., Zhu, Q."Dose-dependent effect of tamoxifen in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells via stimulation by the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways". Oncology Reports 29, no. 4 (2013): 1563-1569. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2245
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team