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Article

Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid

  • Authors:
    • Marissa D. Friedman
    • Dhruve S. Jeevan
    • Michael Tobias
    • Raj Murali
    • Meena Jhanwar-Uniyal
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
  • Pages: 1645-1650
    |
    Published online on: July 18, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2625
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Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor, portends a poor prognosis despite current treatment modalities. Recurrence of tumor growth is attributed to the presence of treatment-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). The targeting of these CSCs is therefore essential in the treatment of this disease. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) forms two multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulate proliferation and migration, respectively. Aberrant function of mTOR has been shown to be present in GBM CSCs. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a derivative of retinol, causes differentiation of CSCs as well as normal neural progenitor cells. The purpose of this investigation was to delineate the role of mTOR in CSC maintenance, and to establish the mechanism of targeting GBM CSCs using differentiating agents along with inhibitors of the mTOR pathways. The results demonstrated that ATRA caused differentiation of CSCs, as demonstrated by the loss of the stem cell marker Nestin. These observations were confirmed by western blotting, which demonstrated a time-dependent decrease in Nestin expression following ATRA treatment. This effect occurred despite combination with mTOR (rapamycin), PI3K (LY294002) and MEK1/2 (U0126) inhibitors. Expression of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) was enhanced following treatment with ATRA, independent of mTOR pathway inhibitors. Proliferation of CSCs, determined by neurosphere diameter, was decreased following treatment with ATRA alone and in combination with rapamycin. The motility of GBM cells was mitigated by treatment with ATRA, rapamycin and LY29002 alone. However, combination treatment augmented the inhibitory effect on migration suggesting synergism. These findings indicate that ATRA-induced differentiation is mediated via the ERK1/2 pathway, and underscores the significance of including differentiating agents along with inhibitors of mTOR pathways in the treatment of GBM.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Friedman MD, Jeevan DS, Tobias M, Murali R and Jhanwar-Uniyal M: Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid. Oncol Rep 30: 1645-1650, 2013.
APA
Friedman, M.D., Jeevan, D.S., Tobias, M., Murali, R., & Jhanwar-Uniyal, M. (2013). Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid. Oncology Reports, 30, 1645-1650. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2625
MLA
Friedman, M. D., Jeevan, D. S., Tobias, M., Murali, R., Jhanwar-Uniyal, M."Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid". Oncology Reports 30.4 (2013): 1645-1650.
Chicago
Friedman, M. D., Jeevan, D. S., Tobias, M., Murali, R., Jhanwar-Uniyal, M."Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid". Oncology Reports 30, no. 4 (2013): 1645-1650. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2625
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Friedman MD, Jeevan DS, Tobias M, Murali R and Jhanwar-Uniyal M: Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid. Oncol Rep 30: 1645-1650, 2013.
APA
Friedman, M.D., Jeevan, D.S., Tobias, M., Murali, R., & Jhanwar-Uniyal, M. (2013). Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid. Oncology Reports, 30, 1645-1650. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2625
MLA
Friedman, M. D., Jeevan, D. S., Tobias, M., Murali, R., Jhanwar-Uniyal, M."Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid". Oncology Reports 30.4 (2013): 1645-1650.
Chicago
Friedman, M. D., Jeevan, D. S., Tobias, M., Murali, R., Jhanwar-Uniyal, M."Targeting cancer stem cells in glioblastoma multiforme using mTOR inhibitors and the differentiating agent all-trans retinoic acid". Oncology Reports 30, no. 4 (2013): 1645-1650. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2625
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