Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
December-2014 Volume 32 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2014 Volume 32 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients

  • Authors:
    • Deyao Xie
    • Linhua Lan
    • Kate Huang
    • Lin Chen
    • Cuicui Xu
    • Rongrong Wang
    • Yang Shi
    • Xiaoyi Wu
    • Lu Wang
    • Yongzhang Liu
    • Bin Lu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China, Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2517-2526
    |
    Published online on: October 10, 2014
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3538
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80-85% of all lung cancer cases. Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor which is attributed to more than four out of five cases of lung cancers. The prognostic impact of cell cycle regulation-associated tumor suppressors including p53 and p21 for NSCLC is still controversial. In the present study, we examined p53 and p21 expression using immunoblotting in tumor and adjacent non-cancerous tissues from NSCLC patients. Moreover, tissue microarrays (TMAs) including 150 specimens was used to examine p53 and p21 expression by immunohistochemical staining (IHC). The association between p53/p21 and various clinicopathological characteristics was evaluated. Kaplan-Meier overall survival was used to analyze the association between p53/p21 expression and prognosis of NSCLC patients, as well as the association of cigarette smoking with p53/p21 expression and prognosis. The results of the immunoblotting showed that expression of p53 and p21 in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in the matched adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). The IHC results showed that 50.67% of the cases had high expression of p21; however, the percentage of patients having high expression of p53 was 31.3%. Univariate and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the factors related to prognosis with p53 and p21 expression. Multivariate analysis indicated that p53 expression was an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC (P=0.005), while p21 could not serve as an independent prognostic factor (P=0.123). In addition, smoking history was closely related to lung cancer risk (P=0.041), but could not be an independent assessment factor (P=0.740). In this study, we further demonstrated the association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking. Our results suggest that cigarette smoking and overexpression of p53 or p21 are associated with poor prognosis. The combination of p53/p21 expression and smoking history may be a useful biomarker for tumor progression and prognosis of NSCLC patients.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

An Q, Liu Y, Gao Y, et al: Deletion of tumor suppressor genes in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 184:189–195. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C and Parkin DM: Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 127:2893–2917. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 61:69–90. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Liu X, Lin XJ, Wang CP, Yan KK, Zhao LY, An WX and Liu XD: Association between smoking and p53 mutation in lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 26:18–24. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Tsou JA, Hagen JA, Carpenter CL and Laird-Offringa IA: DNA methylation analysis: a powerful new tool for lung cancer diagnosis. Oncogene. 21:5450–5461. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Wang X, Christiani DC, Wiencke JK, et al: Mutations in the p53 gene in lung cancer are associated with cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 4:543–548. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Hwang SJ, Cheng LS, Lozano G, Amos CI, Gu X and Strong LC: Lung cancer risk in germline p53 mutation carriers: association between an inherited cancer predisposition, cigarette smoking, and cancer risk. Hum Genet. 113:238–243. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Zhang H and Cai B: The impact of tobacco on lung health in China. Respirology. 8:17–21. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Fujino M, Dosaka-Akita H, Harada M, Hiroumi H, Kinoshita I, Akie K and Kawakami Y: Prognostic significance of p53 and ras p21 expression in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer. 76:2457–2463. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Furrukh M: Tobacco smoking and lung cancer: perception-changing facts. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 13:345–358. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, Tretyakova N, Hecht SS and Hainaut P: Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene. 21:7435–7451. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Levine AJ, Momand J and Finlay CA: The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature. 351:453–456. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Yi C, Wang Q, Wang L, et al: MiR-663, a microRNA targeting p21(WAF1/CIP1), promotes the proliferation and tumorigenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene. 31:4421–4433. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Giono LE and Manfredi JJ: The p53 tumor suppressor participates in multiple cell cycle checkpoints. J Cell Physiol. 209:13–20. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Abbas T and Dutta A: p21 in cancer: intricate networks and multiple activities. Nat Rev Cancer. 9:400–414. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Waga S, Hannon GJ, Beach D and Stillman B: The p21 inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases controls DNA replication by interaction with PCNA. Nature. 369:574–578. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zhang MF, Zhang ZY, Fu J, Yang YF and Yun JP: Correlation between expression of p53, p21/WAF1, and MDM2 proteins and their prognostic significance in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med. 7:1102009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Hayashi H, Miyamoto H, Ito T, Kameda Y, Nakamura N, Kubota Y and Kitamura H: Analysis of p21Waf1/Cip1 expression in normal, premalignant, and malignant cells during the development of human lung adenocarcinoma. Am J Pathol. 151:461–470. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Remmele W and Stegner HE: Recommendation for uniform definition of an immunoreactive score (IRS) for immunohistochemical estrogen receptor detection (ER-ICA) in breast cancer tissue. Pathologe. 8:138–140. 1987.(In German).

20 

Cheng AN, Jiang SS, Fan CC, et al: Increased Cdc7 expression is a marker of oral squamous cell carcinoma and overexpression of Cdc7 contributes to the resistance to DNA-damaging agents. Cancer Lett. 337:218–225. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Hainaut P and Hollstein M: p53 and human cancer: the first ten thousand mutations. Adv Cancer Res. 77:81–137. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hollstein M, Moeckel G, Hergenhahn M, et al: On the origins of tumor mutations in cancer genes: insights from the p53 gene. Mutat Res. 405:145–154. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Lakin N and Jackson S: Regulation of p53 in response to DNA damage. Oncogene. 18:7644–7655. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Taghavi N, Biramijamal F, Sotoudeh M, Moaven O, Khademi H, Abbaszadegan MR and Malekzadeh R: Association of p53/p21 expression with cigarette smoking and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol. 16:4958–4967. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Cruz I, Snijders PJ, Van Houten V, Vosjan M, Van der Waal I and Meijer CJ: Specific p53 immunostaining patterns are associated with smoking habits in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Clin Pathol. 55:834–840. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Mizobuchi S, Furihata M, Sonobe H, et al: Association between p53 immunostaining and cigarette smoking in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 30:423–428. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xie D, Lan L, Huang K, Chen L, Xu C, Wang R, Shi Y, Wu X, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu Y, et al: Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncol Rep 32: 2517-2526, 2014.
APA
Xie, D., Lan, L., Huang, K., Chen, L., Xu, C., Wang, R. ... Lu, B. (2014). Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncology Reports, 32, 2517-2526. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3538
MLA
Xie, D., Lan, L., Huang, K., Chen, L., Xu, C., Wang, R., Shi, Y., Wu, X., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Lu, B."Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients". Oncology Reports 32.6 (2014): 2517-2526.
Chicago
Xie, D., Lan, L., Huang, K., Chen, L., Xu, C., Wang, R., Shi, Y., Wu, X., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Lu, B."Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients". Oncology Reports 32, no. 6 (2014): 2517-2526. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3538
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xie D, Lan L, Huang K, Chen L, Xu C, Wang R, Shi Y, Wu X, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu Y, et al: Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncol Rep 32: 2517-2526, 2014.
APA
Xie, D., Lan, L., Huang, K., Chen, L., Xu, C., Wang, R. ... Lu, B. (2014). Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncology Reports, 32, 2517-2526. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3538
MLA
Xie, D., Lan, L., Huang, K., Chen, L., Xu, C., Wang, R., Shi, Y., Wu, X., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Lu, B."Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients". Oncology Reports 32.6 (2014): 2517-2526.
Chicago
Xie, D., Lan, L., Huang, K., Chen, L., Xu, C., Wang, R., Shi, Y., Wu, X., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Lu, B."Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients". Oncology Reports 32, no. 6 (2014): 2517-2526. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3538
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team