Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
July-2015 Volume 34 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2015 Volume 34 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway

  • Authors:
    • Chi Lu
    • Ting Huang
    • Weiqun Chen
    • Hongda Lu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China, Cancer Research Institute of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
  • Pages: 244-250
    |
    Published online on: May 6, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.3956
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in humans. Exploration of the mechanisms underlying the self-renewal and stemness maintenance of cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) will open new avenues in lung cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we isolated and identified a subpopulation of lung cancer stem-like cells (LCSLCs) from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 cells with features including self-renewal capacity in vitro, elevated tumorigenic activity in vivo, and high expression of stemness markers CD44, CD133, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and Sox2, using a serum-free suspension sphere-forming culture method. We then found a higher expression level of gonadotropin‑releasing hormone (GnRH) in the LCSLCs using a microarray assay, suggesting that GnRH may play a role in the self‑renewal capacity and stemness maintenance in lung cancer cells. In addition, the suppression of GnRH capacity negatively regulated self-renewal and stemness maintenance in the LCSLCs. Overexpression of GnRH promoted stemness properties of A549-derived LCSLCs, indicating that GnRH expression is essential for the self-renewal and stemness maintenance in LCSLCs. Moreover, further investigations demonstrated that the promotion of GnRH functions of self‑renewal and stemness maintenance in LCSLCs was associated with the JNK signaling pathway. Therefore, our results showed that GnRH participates in the self-renewal capacity and stemness maintenance of LCSLCs by upregulating the JNK signaling pathway, and GnRH may be useful as an alternative LCSLC therapy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Esposito L, Conti D, Ailavajhala R, Khalil N and Giordano A: Lung cancer: are we up to the challenge? Curr Genomics. 11:513–518. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Smigal C and Thun MJ: Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin. 56:106–130. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Eramo A, Lotti F, Sette G, Pilozzi E, Biffoni M, Di Virgilio A, Conticello C, Ruco L, Peschle C and De Maria R: Identification and expansion of the tumorigenic lung cancer stem cell population. Cell Death Differ. 15:504–514. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Hermann PC, Bhaskar S, Cioffi M and Heeschen C: Cancer stem cells in solid tumors. Semin Cancer Biol. 20:77–84. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Clevers H: The cancer stem cell: premises, promises and challenges. Nat Med. 17:313–319. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Sneddon JB and Werb Z: Location, location, location: the cancer stem cell niche. Cell Stem Cell. 1:607–611. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Zhang WC, Shyh-Chang N, Yang H, Rai A, Umashankar S, Ma S, Soh BS, Sun LL, Tai BC, Nga ME, et al: Glycine decarboxylase activity drives non-small cell lung cancer tumor-initiating cells and tumorigenesis. Cell. 148:259–272. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Chen YC, Hsu HS, Chen YW, Tsai TH, How CK, Wang CY, Hung SC, Chang YL, Tsai ML, Lee YY, et al: Oct-4 expression maintained cancer stem-like properties in lung cancer-derived CD133-positive cells. PLoS One. 3:e26372008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Chiou SH, Wang ML, Chou YT, Chen CJ, Hong CF, Hsieh WJ, Chang HT, Chen YS, Lin TW, Hsu HS, et al: Coexpression of Oct4 and Nanog enhances malignancy in lung adenocarcinoma by inducing cancer stem cell-like properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Cancer Res. 70:10433–10444. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Xu C, Xie D, Yu SC, Yang XJ, He LR, Yang J, Ping YF, Wang B, Yang L, Xu SL, et al: β-catenin/POU5F1/SOX2 transcription factor complex mediates IGF-I receptor signaling and predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 73:3181–3189. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Anthony EL, King JC and Stopa EG: Immunocytochemical localization of LHRH in the median eminence, infundibular stalk, and neurohypophysis. Evidence for multiple sites of releasing hormone secretion in humans and other mammals. Cell Tissue Res. 236:5–14. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Stopa EG, Koh ET, Svendsen CN, Rogers WT, Schwaber JS and King JC: Computer-assisted mapping of immunoreactive mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone in adult human basal forebrain and amygdala. Endocrinology. 128:3199–3207. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Conn PM and Crowley WF Jr: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs. Annu Rev Med. 45:391–405. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Montagnani Marelli M, Moretti RM, Januszkiewicz-Caulier J, Motta M and Limonta P: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in tumors: a new rationale for the therapeutical application of GnRH analogs in cancer patients? Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 6:257–269. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Cheung LW and Wong AS: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: GnRH receptor signaling in extrapituitary tissues. FEBS J. 275:5479–5495. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

So WK, Cheng JC, Poon SL and Leung PC: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and ovarian cancer: a functional and mechanistic overview. FEBS J. 275:5496–5511. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Gründker C, Schlotawa L, Viereck V and Emons G: Protein kinase C-independent stimulation of activator protein-1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity in human endometrial cancer cells by the LHRH agonist triptorelin. Eur J Endocrinol. 145:651–658. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Limonta P, Moretti RM, Marelli MM, Dondi D, Parenti M and Motta M: The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor in human prostate cancer cells: messenger ribonucleic acid expression, molecular size, and signal transduction pathway. Endocrinology. 140:5250–5256. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kim IG, Kim SY, Choi SI, Lee JH, Kim KC and Cho EW: Fibulin-3-mediated inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and self-renewal of ALDH lung cancer stem cells through IGF1R signaling. Oncogene. 1:1–10. 2013.

20 

Mo XM, Li HH, Liu M and Li YT: Downregulation of GSK3β by miR-544a to maintain self-renewal ability of lung cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett. 8:1731–1734. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Liu F, Cao X, Liu Z, Guo H, Ren K, Quan M, Zhou Y, Xiang H and Cao J: Casticin suppresses self-renewal and invasion of lung cancer stem-like cells from A549 cells through down-regulation of pAkt. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 46:15–21. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Metallinou C, Köster F, Diedrich K, Nikolettos N and Asimakopoulos B: The effects of cetrorelix and triptorelin on the viability and steroidogenesis of cultured human granulosa luteinized cells. In Vivo. 26:835–839. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kraus S, Levy G, Hanoch T, Naor Z and Seger R: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells: role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, protein kinase B, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways. Cancer Res. 64:5736–5744. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Cheung LW, Leung PC and Wong AS: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone promotes ovarian cancer cell invasiveness through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Cancer Res. 66:10902–10910. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Huntly BJ and Gilliland DG: Cancer biology: summing up cancer stem cells. Nature. 435:1169–1170. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Clarke MF, Dick JE, Dirks PB, Eaves CJ, Jamieson CH, Jones DL, Visvader J, Weissman IL and Wahl GM: Cancer stem cells - perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR workshop on cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 66:9339–9344. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Sueblinvong V and Weiss DJ: Stem cells and cell therapy approaches in lung biology and diseases. Transl Res. 156:188–205. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Limonta P, Moretti RM, Montagnani Marelli M and Motta M: The biology of gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone: role in the control of tumor growth and progression in humans. Front Neuroendocrinol. 24:279–295. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Harrison GS, Wierman ME, Nett TM and Glode LM: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor in normal and malignant cells. Endocr Relat Cancer. 11:725–748. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Chou CS, Tai CJ, MacCalman CD and Leung PC: Dose-dependent effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 and tissue specifc inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 messenger ribonucleic acid levels in human decidual stromal cells in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 88:680–688. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Moretti RM, Montagnani Marelli M, Mai S and Limonta P: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists suppress melanoma cell motility and invasiveness through the inhibition of α3 integrin and MMP-2 expression and activity. Int J Oncol. 33:405–413. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Dondi D, Limonta P, Moretti RM, Marelli MM, Garattini E and Motta M: Antiproliferative effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists on human androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line DU 145: evidence for an autocrine-inhibitory LHRH loop. Cancer Res. 54:4091–4095. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Kéri G, Balogh A, Szöke B, Teplán I and Csuka O: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues inhibit cell proliferation and activate signal transduction pathways in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Tumour Biol. 12:61–67. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Gründker C, Günthert AR, Westphalen S and Emons G: Biology of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system in gynecological cancers. Eur J Endocrinol. 146:1–14. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Moretti RM, Mai S, Montagnani Marelli M, Bani MR, Ghilardi C, Giavazzi R, Taylor DM, Martini PG and Limonta P: Dual targeting of tumor and endothelial cells by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists to reduce melanoma angiogenesis. Endocrinology. 151:4643–4653. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Taratula O, Garbuzenko OB, Chen AM and Minko T: Innovative strategy for treatment of lung cancer: targeted nanotechnology-based inhalation co-delivery of anticancer drugs and siRNA. J Drug Target. 19:900–914. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Maudsley S, Davidson L, Pawson AJ, Chan R, López de Maturana R and Millar RP: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists promote proapoptotic signaling in peripheral reproductive tumor cells by activating a Galphai-coupling state of the type I GnRH receptor. Cancer Res. 64:7533–7544. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Malik SN, Brattain M, Ghosh PM, Troyer DA, Prihoda T, Bedolla R and Kreisberg JI: Immunohistochemical demonstration of phospho-Akt in high Gleason grade prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 8:1168–1171. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kraus S, Naor Z and Seger R: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 234:109–123. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Günthert AR, Gründker C, Hollmann K and Emons G: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone induces JunD-DNA binding and extends cell cycle in human ovarian cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 294:11–15. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Song W, Ma Y, Wang J, Brantley-Sieders D and Chen J: JNK signaling mediates EPHA2-dependent tumor cell proliferation, motility, and cancer stem cell-like properties in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 74:2444–2454. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Yoon CH, Kim MJ, Kim RK, Lim EJ, Choi KS, An S, Hwang SG, Kang SG, Suh Y, Park MJ, et al: c-Jun N-terminal kinase has a pivotal role in the maintenance of self-renewal and tumorigenicity in glioma stem-like cells. Oncogene. 31:4655–4666. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Seino M, Okada M, Shibuya K, Seino S, Suzuki S, Ohta T, Kurachi H and Kitanaka C: Requirement of JNK signaling for self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacity of ovarian cancer stem cells. Anticancer Res. 34:4723–4731. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Lu C, Huang T, Chen W and Lu H: GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 34: 244-250, 2015.
APA
Lu, C., Huang, T., Chen, W., & Lu, H. (2015). GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway. Oncology Reports, 34, 244-250. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.3956
MLA
Lu, C., Huang, T., Chen, W., Lu, H."GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway". Oncology Reports 34.1 (2015): 244-250.
Chicago
Lu, C., Huang, T., Chen, W., Lu, H."GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway". Oncology Reports 34, no. 1 (2015): 244-250. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.3956
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lu C, Huang T, Chen W and Lu H: GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 34: 244-250, 2015.
APA
Lu, C., Huang, T., Chen, W., & Lu, H. (2015). GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway. Oncology Reports, 34, 244-250. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.3956
MLA
Lu, C., Huang, T., Chen, W., Lu, H."GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway". Oncology Reports 34.1 (2015): 244-250.
Chicago
Lu, C., Huang, T., Chen, W., Lu, H."GnRH participates in the self-renewal of A549-derived lung cancer stem-like cells through upregulation of the JNK signaling pathway". Oncology Reports 34, no. 1 (2015): 244-250. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.3956
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team