Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
April-2016 Volume 35 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2016 Volume 35 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ulrich Andergassen
    • Alexandra C. Kölbl
    • Sven Mahner
    • Udo Jeschke
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
  • Pages: 1905-1915
    |
    Published online on: February 2, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2016.4608
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cells, which detach from a primary epithelial tumour and migrate through lymphatic vessels and blood stream are called ‘circulating tumour cells’. These cells are considered to be the main root of remote metastasis and are correlated to a worse prognosis concerning progression-free and overall survival of the patients. Therefore, the detection of the minimal residual disease is of great importance regarding therapeutic decisions. Many different detection strategies are already available, but only one method, the CellSearch® system, reached FDA approval. The present review focusses on the detection of circulating tumour cells by means of real-time PCR, a highly sensitive method based on differences in gene expression between normal and malignant cells. Strategies for an enrichment of tumour cells are mentioned, as well as a large panel of potential marker genes. Drawbacks and advantages of the technique are elucidated, whereas, the greatest advantage might be, that by selection of appropriate marker genes, also tumour cells, which have already undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition can be detected. Finally, the application of real-time PCR in different gynaecological malignancies is described, with breast cancer being the most studied cancer entity.
View Figures
View References

1 

Asworth T: A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death. Australas Med J. 14:146–147. 1869.

2 

Paget S: The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 8:98–101. 1989.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Fidler IJ: The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: The 'seed and soil' hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer. 3:453–458. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Tibbe AG, Miller MC and Terstappen LW: Statistical considerations for enumeration of circulating tumor cells. Cytometry A. 71:154–162. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Park Y, Kitahara T, Urita T, Yoshida Y and Kato R: Expected clinical applications of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 2:303–310. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Balic M, Lin H, Williams A, Datar RH and Cote RJ: Progress in circulating tumor cell capture and analysis: Implications for cancer management. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 12:303–312. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Allard WJ, Matera J, Miller MC, Repollet M, Connelly MC, Rao C, Tibbe AG, Uhr JW and Terstappen LW: Tumor cells circulate in the peripheral blood of all major carcinomas but not in healthy subjects or patients with nonmalignant diseases. Clin Cancer Res. 10:6897–6904. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Davis JW, Nakanishi H, Kumar VS, Bhadkamkar VA, McCormack R, Fritsche HA, Handy B, Gornet T and Babaian RJ: Circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood samples from patients with increased serum prostate specific antigen: Initial results in early prostate cancer. J Urol. 179:2187–2191; discussion 2191. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Braun S, Vogl FD, Naume B, Janni W, Osborne MP, Coombes RC, Schlimok G, Diel IJ, Gerber B, Gebauer G, et al: A pooled analysis of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 353:793–802. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Reinholz MM, Nibbe A, Jonart LM, Kitzmann K, Suman VJ, Ingle JN, Houghton R, Zehentner B, Roche PC and Lingle WL: Evaluation of a panel of tumor markers for molecular detection of circulating cancer cells in women with suspected breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 11:3722–3732. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zieglschmid V, Hollmann C and Böcher O: Detection of disseminated tumor cells in peripheral blood. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 42:155–196. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Parsons HM, Tuttle TM, Kuntz KM, Begun JW, McGovern PM and Virnig BA: Association between lymph node evaluation for colon cancer and node positivity over the past 20 years. JAMA. 306:1089–1097. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Hermanek P, Hutter RV, Sobin LH and Wittekind C: International Union Against Cancer. Classification of isolated tumor cells and micrometastasis. Cancer. 86:2668–2673. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Singletary SE, Patel-Parekh L and Bland KI: Treatment trends in early-stage invasive lobular carcinoma: A report from the National Cancer Data Base. Ann Surg. 242:281–289. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Broersen LH, van Pelt GW, Tollenaar RA and Mesker WE: Clinical application of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr). 37:9–15. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Fehm T, Hoffmann O, Aktas B, Becker S, Solomayer EF, Wallwiener D, Kimmig R and Kasimir-Bauer S: Detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells in blood of primary breast cancer patients by RT-PCR and comparison to status of bone marrow disseminated cells. Breast Cancer Res. 11:R592009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

McShane LM, Hunsberger S and Adjei AA: Effective incorporation of biomarkers into phase II trials. Clin Cancer Res. 15:1898–1905. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Pantel K and Alix-Panabières C: Circulating tumour cells in cancer patients: Challenges and perspectives. Trends Mol Med. 16:398–406. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

García-Sáenz JA, Martín M, Maestro ML, Vidaurreta M, Veganzones S, Rafael S, Casado A, Bobokova J, Sastre J, De la Orden V, et al: Circulating tumour cells in locally advanced breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol. 11:544–547. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Lianidou ES and Markou A: Circulating tumor cells as emerging tumor biomarkers in breast cancer. Clin Chem Lab Med. 49:1579–1590. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Fehm T, Müller V, Alix-Panabières C and Pantel K: Micrometastatic spread in breast cancer: Detection, molecular characterization and clinical relevance. Breast Cancer Res. 10(Suppl 1): S12008. View Article : Google Scholar :

22 

Lianidou ES and Markou A: Molecular assays for the detection and characterization of CTCs. Recent Results Cancer Res. 195:111–123. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Pantel K and Alix-Panabières C: Detection methods of circulating tumor cells. J Thorac Dis. 4:446–447. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Pantel K and Brakenhoff RH: Dissecting the metastatic cascade. Nat Rev Cancer. 4:448–456. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Uhr JW, Huebschman ML, Frenkel EP, Lane NL, Ashfaq R, Liu H, Rana DR, Cheng L, Lin AT, Hughes GA, et al: Molecular profiling of individual tumor cells by hyperspectral microscopic imaging. Transl Res. 159:366–375. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C and Riethdorf S: Cancer micrometastases. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 6:339–351. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Geiger TM and Ricciardi R: Screening options and recommendations for colorectal cancer. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 22:209–217. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar :

28 

Negin BP and Cohen SJ: Circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer: Past, present, and future challenges. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 11:1–13. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kim MY, Oskarsson T, Acharyya S, Nguyen DX, Zhang XH, Norton L and Massagué J: Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells. Cell. 139:1315–1326. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Hayes DC, Secrist H, Bangur CS, Wang T, Zhang X, Harlan D, Goodman GE, Houghton RL, Persing DH and Zehentner BK: Multigene real-time PCR detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 26(2B): 1567–1575. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Saloustros E and Mavroudis D: CTCs in primary breast cancer (II). Recent Results Cancer Res. 195:187–192. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Stathopoulou A, Gizi A, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Malamos N, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V and Lianidou ES: Real-time quantification of CK-19 mRNA-positive cells in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients using the lightcycler system. Clin Cancer Res. 9:5145–5151. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Schoenfeld A, Kruger KH, Gomm J, Sinnett HD, Gazet JC, Sacks N, Bender HG, Luqmani Y and Coombes RC: The detection of micrometastases in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with breast cancer using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for keratin 19. Eur J Cancer. 33:854–861. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Ignatiadis M, Xenidis N, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Politaki E, Kafousi M, Stathopoulos EN, Stathopoulou A, Lianidou E, Chlouverakis G, et al: Different prognostic value of cyto-keratin-19 mRNA positive circulating tumor cells according to estrogen receptor and HER2 status in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 25:5194–5202. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Xenidis N, Perraki M, Kafousi M, Apostolaki S, Bolonaki I, Stathopoulou A, Kalbakis K, Androulakis N, Kouroussis C, Pallis T, et al: Predictive and prognostic value of peripheral blood cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive cells detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction in node-negative breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 24:3756–3762. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Xenidis N, Ignatiadis M, Apostolaki S, Perraki M, Kalbakis K, Agelaki S, Stathopoulos EN, Chlouverakis G, Lianidou E, Kakolyris S, et al: Cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells after adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 27:2177–2184. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Sotiriou C and Pusztai L: Gene-expression signatures in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 360:790–800. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Xenidis N, Markos V, Apostolaki S, Perraki M, Pallis A, Sfakiotaki G, Papadatos-Pastos D, Kalmanti L, Kafousi M, Stathopoulos E, et al: Clinical relevance of circulating CK-19 mRNA-positive cells detected during the adjuvant tamoxifen treatment in patients with early breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 18:1623–1631. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Saloustros E, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Kallergi G, Xyrafas A, Kalbakis K, Agelaki S, Kalykaki A, Georgoulias V and Mavroudis D: Cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells during follow-up of patients with operable breast cancer: Prognostic relevance for late relapse. Breast Cancer Res. 13:R602011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Alix-Panabières C and Pantel K: Circulating tumor cells: Liquid biopsy of cancer. Clin Chem. 59:110–118. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Saucedo-Zeni N, Mewes S, Niestroj R, Gasiorowski L, Murawa D, Nowaczyk P, Tomasi T, Weber E, Dworacki G, Morgenthaler NG, et al: A novel method for the in vivo isolation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood of cancer patients using a functionalized and structured medical wire. Int J Oncol. 41:1241–1250. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Sleijfer S, Gratama JW, Sieuwerts AM, Kraan J, Martens JW and Foekens JA: Circulating tumour cell detection on its way to routine diagnostic implementation? Eur J Cancer. 43:2645–2650. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Fehm T, Solomayer EF, Meng S, Tucker T, Lane N, Wang J and Gebauer G: Methods for isolating circulating epithelial cells and criteria for their classification as carcinoma cells. Cytotherapy. 7:171–185. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Königsberg R, Obermayr E, Bises G, Pfeiler G, Gneist M, Wrba F, de Santis M, Zeillinger R, Hudec M and Dittrich C: Detection of EpCAM positive and negative circulating tumor cells in meta-static breast cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 50:700–710. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Sieuwerts AM, Kraan J, Bolt-de Vries J, van der Spoel P, Mostert B, Martens JW, Gratama JW, Sleijfer S and Foekens JA: Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in large quantities of contaminating leukocytes by a multiplex real-time PCR. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 118:455–468. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Schindlbeck C, Stellwagen J, Jeschke U, Karsten U, Rack B, Janni W, Jückstock J, Tulusan A, Sommer H and Friese K: Immunomagnetic enrichment of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow and blood of breast cancer patients by the Thomsen-Friedenreich-Antigen. Clin Exp Metastasis. 25:233–240. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Vona G, Sabile A, Louha M, Sitruk V, Romana S, Schütze K, Capron F, Franco D, Pazzagli M, Vekemans M, et al: Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells : A new method for the immunomorphological and molecular characterization of circulatingtumor cells. Am J Pathol. 156:57–63. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Busch R, Cesar D, Higuera-Alhino D, Gee T, Hellerstein MK and McCune JM: Isolation of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells using RosetteSep and MACS for studies of DNA turnover by deuterium labeling. J Immunol Methods. 286:97–109. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Hayes DF and Smerage JB: Circulating tumor cells. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 95:95–112. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Riethdorf S, Fritsche H, Müller V, Rau T, Schindlbeck C, Rack B, Janni W, Coith C, Beck K, Jänicke F, et al: Detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer: A validation study of the CellSearch system. Clin Cancer Res. 13:920–928. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Cristofanilli M: The biological information obtainable from circulating tumor cells. Breast. 18(Suppl 3): S38–S40. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Matera J, Miller MC, Reuben JM, Doyle GV, Allard WJ, Terstappen LW, et al: Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 351:781–791. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Nolé F, Munzone E, Zorzino L, Minchella I, Salvatici M, Botteri E, Medici M, Verri E, Adamoli L, Rotmensz N, et al: Variation of circulating tumor cell levels during treatment of metastatic breast cancer: Prognostic and therapeutic implications. Ann Oncol. 19:891–897. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Bidard FC, Mathiot C, Delaloge S, Brain E, Giachetti S, de Cremoux P, Marty M and Pierga JY: Single circulating tumor cell detection and overall survival in nonmetastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 21:729–733. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Botteri E, Sandri MT, Bagnardi V, Munzone E, Zorzino L, Rotmensz N, Casadio C, Cassatella MC, Esposito A, Curigliano G, et al: Modeling the relationship between circulating tumour cells number and prognosis of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 122:211–217. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Jakob C, Aust DE, Liebscher B, Baretton GB, Datta K and Muders MH: Lymphangiogenesis in regional lymph nodes is an independent prognostic marker in rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant treatment. PLoS One. 6:e274022011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Miller MC, Doyle GV and Terstappen LW: Significance of circulating tumor cells detected by the CellSearch system in patients with metastatic breast colorectal and prostate cancer. J Oncol. 2010:6174212010. View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Farace F, Massard C, Vimond N, Drusch F, Jacques N, Billiot F, Laplanche A, Chauchereau A, Lacroix L, Planchard D, et al: A direct comparison of CellSearch and ISET for circulating tumour-cell detection in patients with metastatic carcinomas. Br J Cancer. 105:847–853. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Alix-Panabières C: EPISPOT assay: Detection of viable DTCs/CTCs in solid tumor patients. Recent Results Cancer Res. 195:69–76. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Alix-Panabières C, Vendrell JP, Pellé O, Rebillard X, Riethdorf S, Müller V, Fabbro M and Pantel K: Detection and characterization of putative metastatic precursor cells in cancer patients. Clin Chem. 53:537–539. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 144:646–674. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Somlo G, Lau SK, Frankel P, Hsieh HB, Liu X, Yang L, Krivacic R and Bruce RH: Multiple biomarker expression on circulating tumor cells in comparison to tumor tissues from primary and metastatic sites in patients with locally advanced/inflammatory, and stage IV breast cancer, using a novel detection technology. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 128:155–163. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Alix-Panabières C, Vendrell JP, Slijper M, Pellé O, Barbotte E, Mercier G, Jacot W, Fabbro M and Pantel K: Full-length cyto-keratin-19 is released by human tumor cells: A potential role in metastatic progression of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 11:R392009. View Article : Google Scholar

64 

Fehm T, Sagalowsky A, Clifford E, Beitsch P, Saboorian H, Euhus D, Meng S, Morrison L, Tucker T, Lane N, et al: Cytogenetic evidence that circulating epithelial cells in patients with carcinoma are malignant. Clin Cancer Res. 8:2073–2084. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

65 

Swennenhuis JF, Tibbe AG, Levink R, Sipkema RC and Terstappen LW: Characterization of circulating tumor cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytometry A. 75:520–527. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Bartels CL and Tsongalis GJ: MicroRNAs: Novel biomarkers for human cancer. Clin Chem. 55:623–631. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Issadore D, Chung J, Shao H, Liong M, Ghazani AA, Castro CM, Weissleder R and Lee H: Ultrasensitive clinical enumeration of rare cells ex vivo using a micro-hall detector. Sci Transl Med. 4:141ra922012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Nagrath S, Sequist LV, Maheswaran S, Bell DW, Irimia D, Ulkus L, Smith MR, Kwak EL, Digumarthy S, Muzikansky A, et al: Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology. Nature. 450:1235–1239. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Stott SL, Hsu CH, Tsukrov DI, Yu M, Miyamoto DT, Waltman BA, Rothenberg SM, Shah AM, Smas ME, Korir GK, et al: Isolation of circulating tumor cells using a microvortex-generating herringbone-chip. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:18392–18397. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Sun YY, Lu M, Xi XW, Qiao QQ, Chen LL, Xu XM and Feng YJ: Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by homeobox gene DLX4 in JEG-3 trophoblast cells: A role in preeclampsia. Reprod Sci. 18:1138–1145. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Wang X, Qian X, Beitler JJ, Chen ZG, Khuri FR, Lewis MM, Shin HJ, Nie S and Shin DM: Detection of circulating tumor cells in human peripheral blood using surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles. Cancer Res. 71:1526–1532. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Deng G, Herrler M, Burgess D, Manna E, Krag D and Burke JF: Enrichment with anti-cytokeratin alone or combined with anti-EpCAM antibodies significantly increases the sensitivity for circulating tumor cell detection in metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 10:R692008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Wang L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Cheng M, Wu X and Wei H: Flow cytometric analysis of CK19 expression in the peripheral blood of breast carcinoma patients: Relevance for circulating tumor cell detection. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 28:572009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Bustin SA and Mueller R: Real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and its potential use in clinical diagnosis. Clin Sci (Lond). 109:365–379. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Dubois V, Delort L, Mishellany F, Jarde T, Billard H, Lequeux C, Damour O, Penault-Llorca F, Vasson MP and Caldefie-Chezet F: Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein: A new biomarker of breast cancer? Anticancer Res. 30:2919–2925. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

76 

Fabisiewicz A, Kulik J, Kober P, Brewczyńska E, Pieńkowski T and Siedlecki JA: Detection of circulating breast cancer cells in peripheral blood by a two-marker reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. Acta Biochim Pol. 51:747–755. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

77 

Ring A, Smith IE and Dowsett M: Circulating tumour cells in breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 5:79–88. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Van der Auwera I, Peeters D, Benoy IH, Elst HJ, Van Laere SJ, Prové A, Maes H, Huget P, van Dam P, Vermeulen PB, et al: Circulating tumour cell detection: A direct comparison between the CellSearch System, the AdnaTest and CK-19/mammaglobin RT-PCR in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 102:276–284. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar :

79 

Gibson UE, Heid CA and Williams PM: A novel method for real time quantitative RT-PCR. Genome Res. 6:995–1001. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Bustin SA: Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J Mol Endocrinol. 25:169–193. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Ginzinger DG: Gene quantification using real-time quantitative PCR: An emerging technology hits the mainstream. Exp Hematol. 30:503–512. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Wittwer CT, Herrmann MG, Moss AA and Rasmussen RP: Continuous fluorescence monitoring of rapid cycle DNA amplification. Biotechniques. 22:130–131. 134–138. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

83 

Ke LD, Chen Z and Yung WK: A reliability test of standard-based quantitative PCR: Exogenous vs endogenous standards. Mol Cell Probes. 14:127–135. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, Poppe B, Van Roy N, De Paepe A and Speleman F: Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol. 3:Research00342002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Pfaffl MW, Lange IG, Daxenberger A and Meyer HH: Tissue-specific expression pattern of estrogen receptors (ER): Quantification of ER alpha and ER beta mRNA with real-time RT-PCR. APMIS. 109:345–355. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Hocquette JF and Brandstetter AM: Common practice in molecular biology may introduce statistical bias and misleading biological interpretation. J Nutr Biochem. 13:370–377. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Ririe KM, Rasmussen RP and Wittwer CT: Product differentiation by analysis of DNA melting curves during the polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem. 245:154–160. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Elnifro EM, Ashshi AM, Cooper RJ and Klapper PE: Multiplex PCR: Optimization and application in diagnostic virology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:559–570. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Max N, Wolf K, Thiel E and Keilholz U: Quantitative nested real-time RT-PCR specific for tyrosinase transcripts to quantitate minimal residual disease. Clin Chim Acta. 317:39–46. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Halford WP: The essential prerequisites for quantitative RT-PCR. Nat Biotechnol. 17:8351999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Orlando C, Pinzani P and Pazzagli M: Developments in quantitative PCR. Clin Chem Lab Med. 36:255–269. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Ghossein RA, Carusone L and Bhattacharya S: Molecular detection of micrometastases and circulating tumor cells in melanoma prostatic and breast carcinomas. In Vivo. 14:237–250. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

93 

Cone RW, Hobson AC and Huang ML: Coamplified positive control detects inhibition of polymerase chain reactions. J Clin Microbiol. 30:3185–3189. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

94 

Gerges N, Rak J and Jabado N: New technologies for the detection of circulating tumour cells. Br Med Bull. 94:49–64. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Chen TF, Jiang GL, Fu XL, Wang LJ, Qian H, Wu KL and Zhao S: CK19 mRNA expression measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the peripheral blood of patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated by chemoradiation: An independent prognostic factor. Lung Cancer. 56:105–114. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

96 

Lambrechts AC, Bosma AJ, Klaver SG, Top B, Perebolte L, van' t Veer LJ and Rodenhuis S: Comparison of immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification for the detection of circulating breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 56:219–231. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Lianidou ES and Markou A: Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer: Detection systems, molecular characterization, and future challenges. Clin Chem. 57:1242–1255. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Pantel K, Brakenhoff RH and Brandt B: Detection, clinical relevance and specific biological properties of disseminating tumour cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 8:329–340. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Gabert J, Beillard E, van der Velden VH, Bi W, Grimwade D, Pallisgaard N, Barbany G, Cazzaniga G, Cayuela JM, Cavé H, et al: Standardization and quality control studies of 'real-time' quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of fusion gene transcripts for residual disease detection in leukemia - a Europe Against Cancer program. Leukemia. 17:2318–2357. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Müller V, Witzel I, Lück HJ, Köhler G, von Minckwitz G, Möbus V, Sattler D, Wilczak W, Löning T, Jänicke F, et al: Prognostic and predictive impact of the HER-2/neu extracellular domain (ECD) in the serum of patients treated with chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 86:9–18. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Niesters HG: Standardization and quality control in molecular diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 1:129–131. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Niesters HG and Puchhammer-Stöckl E: Standardisation and controls, why can't we overcome the hurdles? J Clin Virol. 31:81–83. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Raengsakulrach B, Nisalak A, Maneekarn N, Yenchitsomanus PT, Limsomwong C, Jairungsri A, Thirawuth V, Green S, Kalayanarooj S, Suntayakorn S, et al: Comparison of four reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction procedures for the detection of dengue virus in clinical specimens. J Virol Methods. 105:219–232. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Mostert B, Sleijfer S, Foekens JA and Gratama JW: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs): Detection methods and their clinical relevance in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 35:463–474. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Paterlini-Brechot P and Benali NL: Circulating tumor cells (CTC) detection: Clinical impact and future directions. Cancer Lett. 253:180–204. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Aktas B, Tewes M, Fehm T, Hauch S, Kimmig R and Kasimir-Bauer S: Stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers are frequently overexpressed in circulating tumor cells of metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 11:R462009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Ignatiadis M, Kallergi G, Ntoulia M, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Kafousi M, Chlouverakis G, Stathopoulos E, Lianidou E, Georgoulias V, et al: Prognostic value of the molecular detection of circulating tumor cells using a multimarker reverse transcription-PCR assay for cytokeratin 19, mammaglobin A, and HER2 in early breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 14:2593–2600. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Kowalewska M, Chechlińska M, Markowicz S, Kober P and Nowak R: The relevance of RT-PCR detection of disseminated tumour cells is hampered by the expression of markers regarded as tumour-specific in activated lymphocytes. Eur J Cancer. 42:2671–2674. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Suchy B, Austrup F, Driesel G, Eder C, Kusiak I, Uciechowski P, Grill HJ and Giesing M: Detection of mammaglobin expressing cells in blood of breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett. 158:171–178. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Jiang Y, Harlocker SL, Molesh DA, Dillon DC, Stolk JA, Houghton RL, Repasky EA, Badaro R, Reed SG and Xu J: Discovery of differentially expressed genes in human breast cancer using subtracted cDNA libraries and cDNA microarrays. Oncogene. 21:2270–2282. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Ignatiadis M, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Politaki E, Xenidis N, Kafousi M, Stathopoulos E, Lianidou E, Sotiriou C, Georgoulias V, et al: Molecular detection and prognostic value of circulating cytokeratin-19 messenger RNA-positive and HER2 messenger RNA-positive cells in the peripheral blood of women with early-stage breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 7:883–889. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

112 

Slade MJ, Smith BM, Sinnett HD, Cross NC and Coombes RC: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of micrometastases in patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 17:870–879. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

113 

Stathopoulou A, Mavroudis D, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Vlachonikolis I, Lianidou E and Georgoulias V: Molecular detection of cancer cells in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer: Comparison of CK-19, CEA and maspin as detection markers. Anticancer Res. 23(2C): 1883–1890. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

114 

Stathopoulou A, Ntoulia M, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Mavroudis D, Malamos N, Georgoulias V and Lianidou ES: A highly specific real-time RT-PCR method for the quantitative determination of CK-19 mRNA positive cells in peripheral blood of patients with operable breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 119:1654–1659. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Silva HA, Abraúl E, Raimundo D, Dias MF, Marques C, Guerra C, de Oliveira CF and Regateiro FJ: Molecular detection of EGFRvIII-positive cells in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 42:2617–2622. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Gargano G, Agnese V, Calò V, Corsale S, Augello C, Bruno L, La Paglia L, Gullo A, Ottini L, Russo A, et al Gruppo Oncologico dell'Italia Meridionale: Detection and quantification of mammaglobin in the blood of breast cancer patients: Can it be useful as a potential clinical marker? Preliminary results of a GOIM (Gruppo Oncologico dell'Italia Meridionale) prospective study. Ann Oncol. 17(Suppl 7): vii41–vii45. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Mercatali L, Valenti V, Calistri D, Calpona S, Rosti G, Folli S, Gaudio M, Frassineti GL, Amadori D and Flamini E: RT-PCR determination of maspin and mammaglobin B in peripheral blood of healthy donors and breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 17:424–428. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

118 

Ntoulia M, Stathopoulou A, Ignatiadis M, Malamos N, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V and Lianidou ES: Detection of Mammaglobin A-mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with operable breast cancer with nested RT-PCR. Clin Biochem. 39:879–887. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Fantl V, Smith R, Brookes S, Dickson C and Peters G: Chromosome 11q13 abnormalities in human breast cancer. Cancer Surv. 18:77–94. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

120 

Fleming TP and Watson MA: Mammaglobin, a breast-specific gene, and its utility as a marker for breast cancer. Ann NY Acad Sci. 923:78–89. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar

121 

Ceballos MP, Zumoffen C, Massa E, Cipulli G, Funes CC, Gil AB, Morales C, Tozzini R and Ghersevich S: Detection of mammaglogin A in blood from breast cancer patients, before and after treatment, using a one-tube nested PCR protocol. Association with the absence of tumor estrogen receptors. Clin Biochem. 44:1429–1433. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Corradini P, Voena C, Astolfi M, Delloro S, Pilotti S, Arrigoni G, Bregni M, Pileri A and Gianni AM: Maspin and mammaglobin genes are specific markers for RT-PCR detection of minimal residual disease in patients with breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 12:1693–1698. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

123 

Ferro P, Franceschini MC, Bacigalupo B, Dessanti P, Falco E, Fontana V, Gianquinto D, Pistillo MP, Fedeli F and Roncella S: Detection of circulating tumour cells in breast cancer patients using human mammaglobin RT-PCR: Association with clinical prognostic factors. Anticancer Res. 30:2377–2382. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

124 

Roncella S, Ferro P, Bacigalupo B, Pronzato P, Tognoni A, Falco E, Gianquinto D, Ansaldo V, Dessanti P, Fais F, et al: Human mammaglobin mRNA is a reliable molecular marker for detecting occult breast cancer cells in peripheral blood. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 24:265–271. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

125 

Silva AL, Tomé MJ, Correia AE and Passos-Coelho JL: Human mammaglobin RT-PCR assay for detection of occult breast cancer cells in hematopoietic products. Ann Oncol. 13:422–429. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Ballestrero A, Garuti A, Bertolotto M, Rocco I, Boy D, Nencioni A, Ottonello L and Patrone F: Effect of different cytokines on mammaglobin and maspin gene expression in normal leukocytes: Possible relevance to the assays for the detection of micrometastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 92:1948–1952. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Cerveira N, Torres L, Rocha P, Bizarro S, Pereira D, Abreu J, Henrique R, Teixeira MR and Castedo S: Highly sensitive detection of the MGB1 transcript (mammaglobin) in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 108:592–595. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

128 

Zach O, Kasparu H, Krieger O, Hehenwarter W, Girschikofsky M and Lutz D: Detection of circulating mammary carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients via a nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for mammaglobin mRNA. J Clin Oncol. 17:2015–2019. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

129 

Silva JM, Domínguez G, González-Sancho JM, García JM, Silva J, García-Andrade C, Navarro A, Muñoz A and Bonilla F: Expression of thyroid hormone receptor/erbA genes is altered in human breast cancer. Oncogene. 21:4307–4316. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Tewes M, Aktas B, Welt A, Mueller S, Hauch S, Kimmig R and Kasimir-Bauer S: Molecular profiling and predictive value of circulating tumor cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer: An option for monitoring response to breast cancer related therapies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 115:581–590. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

131 

Shen C, Hu L, Xia L and Li Y: The detection of circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients by using multimarker (Survivin, hTERT and hMAM) quantitative real-time PCR. Clin Biochem. 42:194–200. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

132 

Zehentner BK, Persing DH, Deme A, Toure P, Hawes SE, Brooks L, Feng Q, Hayes DC, Critichlow CW, Houghton RL, et al: Mammaglobin as a novel breast cancer biomarker: Multigene reverse transcription-PCR assay and sandwich ELISA. Clin Chem. 50:2069–2076. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

133 

Barrallo-Gimeno A and Nieto MA: The Snail genes as inducers of cell movement and survival: Implications in development and cancer. Development. 132:3151–3161. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Monteiro J and Fodde R: Cancer stemness and metastasis: Therapeutic consequences and perspectives. Eur J Cancer. 46:1198–1203. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Sabbah M, Emami S, Redeuilh G, Julien S, Prévost G, Zimber A, Ouelaa R, Bracke M, De Wever O and Gespach C: Molecular signature and therapeutic perspective of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in epithelial cancers. Drug Resist Updat. 11:123–151. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

Thompson R: Cancer: Epithelial subtype influences the prognosis of invasive IPMN. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 8:4202011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

137 

Gradilone A, Raimondi C, Nicolazzo C, Petracca A, Gandini O, Vincenzi B, Naso G, Aglianò AM, Cortesi E and Gazzaniga P: Circulating tumour cells lacking cytokeratin in breast cancer: The importance of being mesenchymal. J Cell Mol Med. 15:1066–1070. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

138 

Bednarz-Knoll N, Alix-Panabières C and Pantel K: Plasticity of disseminating cancer cells in patients with epithelial malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 31:673–687. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

139 

Smirnov DA, Zweitzig DR, Foulk BW, Miller MC, Doyle GV, Pienta KJ, Meropol NJ, Weiner LM, Cohen SJ, Moreno JG, et al: Global gene expression profiling of circulating tumor cells. Cancer Res. 65:4993–4997. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

140 

de Albuquerque A, Kaul S, Breier G, Krabisch P and Fersis N: Multimarker analysis of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood of metastatic breast cancer patients: A step forward in personalized medicine. Breast Care (Basel). 7:7–12. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

141 

Lowes LE and Allan AL: Recent advances in the molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells. Cancers (Basel). 6:595–624. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

142 

Grover PK, Cummins AG, Price TJ, Roberts-Thomson IC and Hardingham JE: Circulating tumour cells: The evolving concept and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based methodology for basic and clinical cancer research. Ann Oncol. 25:1506–1516. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

143 

Liu X and Fan D: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells: Functional and mechanistic links. Curr Pharm Des. 21:1279–1291. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

144 

Čabiňaková M and Tesařová P: Disseminated and circulating tumour cells and their role in breast cancer. Folia Biol (Praha). 58:87–97. 2012.

145 

Daskalaki A, Agelaki S, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Xenidis N, Stathopoulos E, Kontopodis E, Hatzidaki D, Mavroudis D and Georgoulias V: Detection of cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 101:589–597. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

146 

Andergassen U, Hofmann S, Kölbl AC, Schindlbeck C, Neugebauer J, Hutter S, Engelstädter V, Ilmer M, Friese K and Jeschke U: Detection of tumor cell-specific mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer-evaluation of several markers with real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Int J Mol Sci. 14:1093–1104. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

147 

Cierna Z, Mego M, Janega P, Karaba M, Minarik G, Benca J, Sedlácková T, Cingelova S, Gronesova P, Manasova D, et al: Matrix metalloproteinase 1 and circulating tumor cells in early breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 14:4722014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

148 

Cheng M, Chen Y, Zou D, Shen G, Bian G, Shen G and Hu S: The clinical utility of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients: Detection by a quantitative assay of h-MAM gene expression. Int J Biol Markers. 29:e268–e278. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

149 

Xi L, Nicastri DG, El-Hefnawy T, Hughes SJ, Luketich JD and Godfrey TE: Optimal markers for real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR detection of circulating tumor cells from melanoma, breast, colon, esophageal, head and neck, and lung cancers. Clin Chem. 53:1206–1215. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

150 

Lasa A, Garcia A, Alonso C, Millet P, Cornet M, Ramón Y, Cajal T, Baiget M and Barnadas A: Molecular detection of peripheral blood breast cancer mRNA transcripts as a surrogate biomarker for circulating tumor cells. PLoS One. 8:e740792013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

151 

Skondra M, Gkioka E, Kostakis ID, Pissimissis N, Lembessis P, Pectasides D and Koutsilieris M: Detection of circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients using multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and specific primers for MGB, PTHRP and KRT19 correlation with clinicopathological features. Anticancer Res. 34:6691–6699. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

152 

Zebisch M, Kölbl AC, Schindlbeck C, Neugebauer J, Heublein S, Ilmer M, Rack B, Friese K, Jeschke U and Andergassen U: Quantification of breast cancer cells in peripheral blood samples by real-time RT-PCR. Anticancer Res. 32:5387–5391. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

153 

Guo M, Li X, Zhang S, Song H, Zhang W, Shang X, Zheng Y, Jiang H, Lv Q, Jiang Y, et al: Real-time quantitative RT-PCR detection of circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients. Int J Oncol. 46:281–289. 2015.

154 

Pinzani P, Salvadori B, Simi L, Bianchi S, Distante V, Cataliotti L, Pazzagli M and Orlando C: Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells in peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer: Correlation with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results and feasibility of molecular analysis by laser microdissection. Hum Pathol. 37:711–718. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

155 

Nakagawa T, Martinez SR, Goto Y, Koyanagi K, Kitago M, Shingai T, Elashoff DA, Ye X, Singer FR, Giuliano AE, et al: Detection of circulating tumor cells in early-stage breast cancer metastasis to axillary lymph nodes. Clin Cancer Res. 13:4105–4110. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

156 

Zhang L, Ridgway LD, Wetzel MD, Ngo J, Yin W, Kumar D, Goodman JC, Groves MD and Marchetti D: The identification and characterization of breast cancer CTCs competent for brain metastasis. Sci Transl Med. 5:180ra482013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

157 

Androulakis N, Agelaki S, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Bozionelou V, Pallis A, Kalbakis K, Xyrafas A, Mavroudis D and Georgoulias V: Clinical relevance of circulating CK-19mRNA-positive tumour cells before front-line treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 106:1917–1925. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

158 

Georgoulias V, Apostolaki S, Bozionelou V, Politaki E, Perraki M, Georgoulia N, Kalbakis K, Kotsakis A, Xyrafas A, Agelaki S, et al: Effect of front-line chemotherapy on circulating CK-19 mRNA-positive cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 74:1217–1225. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

159 

Xenidis N, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Agelaki S, Kalbakis K, Vardakis N, Kalykaki A, Xyrafas A, Kakolyris S, Mavroudis D, et al: Differential effect of adjuvant taxane-based and taxane-free chemotherapy regimens on the CK-19 mRNA-positive circulating tumour cells in patients with early breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 108:549–556. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

160 

Wang HY, Ahn S, Kim S, Park S, Park S, Han H, Sohn JH, Kim S and Lee H: Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer using the quantitative RT-PCR assay for monitoring of therapy efficacy. Exp Mol Pathol. 97:445–452. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

161 

Ušiaková Z, Mikulová V, Pintérová D, Brychta M, Valchář J, Kubecová M, Tesařová P, Bobek V and Kološtová K: Circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer: Monitoring chemotherapy success. In Vivo. 28:605–614. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

162 

Mikulová V, Cabiňaková M, Janatková I, Mestek O, Zima T and Tesařová P: Detection of circulating tumor cells during follow-up of patients with early breast cancer: Clinical utility for monitoring of therapy efficacy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 74:132–142. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

163 

Mego M, Mani SA, Lee BN, Li C, Evans KW, Cohen EN, Gao H, Jackson SA, Giordano A, Hortobagyi GN, et al: Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-inducing transcription factors in primary breast cancer: The effect of neoadjuvant therapy. Int J Cancer. 130:808–816. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

164 

Baccelli I, Stenzinger A, Vogel V, Pfitzner BM, Klein C, Wallwiener M, Scharpff M, Saini M, Holland-Letz T, Sinn HP, et al: Co-expression of MET and CD47 is a novel prognosticator for survival of luminal breast cancer patients. Oncotarget. 5:8147–8160. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

165 

Sterzynska K, Kempisty B, Zawierucha P and Zabel M: Analysis of the specificity and selectivity of anti-EpCAM antibodies in breast cancer cell lines. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 50:534–541. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

166 

Markiewicz A, Książkiewicz M, Seroczyńska B, Skokowski J, Szade J, Wełnicka-Jaśkiewicz M and Zaczek AJ: Heterogeneity of mesenchymal markers expression-molecular profiles of cancer cells disseminated by lymphatic and hematogenous routes in breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 5:1485–1503. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

167 

Serrano MJ, Ortega FG, Alvarez-Cubero MJ, Nadal R, Sanchez-Rovira P, Salido M, Rodríguez M, García-Puche JL, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Solé F, et al: EMT and EGFR in CTCs cytokeratin negative non-metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget. 5:7486–7497. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

168 

Sieuwerts AM, Mostert B, Bolt-de Vries J, Peeters D, de Jongh FE, Stouthard JM, Dirix LY, van Dam PA, Van Galen A, de Weerd V, et al: mRNA and microRNA expression profiles in circulating tumor cells and primary tumors of metastatic breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 17:3600–3618. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

169 

Shaw JA, Brown J, Coombes RC, Jacob J, Payne R, Lee B, Page K, Hava N and Stebbing J: Circulating tumor cells and plasma DNA analysis in patients with indeterminate early or metastatic breast cancer. Biomarkers Med. 5:87–91. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

170 

Peeters DJ, Brouwer A, Van den Eynden GG, Rutten A, Onstenk W, Sieuwerts AM, Van Laere SJ, Huget P, Pauwels P, Peeters M, et al: Circulating tumour cells and lung microvascular tumour cell retention in patients with metastatic breast and cervical cancer. Cancer Lett. 356(2 Pt B): 872–879. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

171 

Kurata H, Takakuwa K, Tsuneki I, Aoki Y and Tanaka K: Ovarian tumor cell detection in peripheral blood progenitor cells harvests by RT-PCR. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 81:555–559. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

172 

Oikonomopoulou K, Scorilas A, Michael IP, Grass L, Soosaipillai A, Rosen B, Murphy J and Diamandis EP: Kallikreins as markers of disseminated tumour cells in ovarian cancer: a pilot study. Tumour Biol. 27:104–114. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

173 

Magnowski P, Bochyński H, Nowak-Markwitz E, Zabel M and Spaczyński M: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)–clinical significance in patients with ovarian cancer. Ginekol Pol. 83:291–294. 2012.In Polish. PubMed/NCBI

174 

Poveda A, Kaye SB, McCormack R, Wang S, Parekh T, Ricci D, Lebedinsky CA, Tercero JC, Zintl P and Monk BJ: Circulating tumor cells predict progression free survival and overall survival in patients with relapsed/recurrent advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 122:567–572. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

175 

Romero-Laorden N, Olmos D, Fehm T, Garcia-Donas J and Diaz-Padilla I: Circulating and disseminated tumor cells in ovarian cancer: A systematic review. Gynecol Oncol. 133:632–639. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

176 

Liu JF, Kindelberger D, Doyle C, Lowe A, Barry WT and Matulonis UA: Predictive value of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in newly-diagnosed and recurrent ovarian cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol. 131:352–356. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

177 

Aktas B, Kasimir-Bauer S, Heubner M, Kimmig R and Wimberger P: Molecular profiling and prognostic relevance of circulating tumor cells in the blood of ovarian cancer patients at primary diagnosis and after platinum-based chemotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 21:822–830. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

178 

Obermayr E, Castillo-Tong DC, Pils D, Speiser P, Braicu I, Van Gorp T, Mahner S, Sehouli J, Vergote I and Zeillinger R: Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in patients with ovarian cancer improves their prognostic significance - a study of the OVCAD consortium. Gynecol Oncol. 128:15–21. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

179 

Pearl ML, Zhao Q, Yang J, Dong H, Tulley S, Zhang Q, Golightly M, Zucker S and Chen WT: Prognostic analysis of invasive circulating tumor cells (iCTCs) in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 134:581–590. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

180 

Zeng L, Liang X, Liu Q and Yang Z: The predictive value of circulating tumor cells in ovarian cancer: A meta analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer. Apr 17–2015.Epub ahead of print.

181 

Song J and Nettles JB: Circulating tumor cells in patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 104:713–726. 1969.PubMed/NCBI

182 

Yuan CC, Wang PH, Ng HT, Li YF, Huang TS, Chen CY, Tsai LC and Shyong WY: Detecting cytokeratin 19 mRNA in the peripheral blood cells of cervical cancer patients and its clinical-pathological correlation. Gynecol Oncol. 85:148–153. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

183 

Weismann P, Weismanova E, Masak L, Mlada K, Keder D, Ferancikova Z, Vizvaryova M, Konecny M, Zavodna K, Kausitz J, et al: The detection of circulating tumor cells expressing E6/E7 HR-HPV oncogenes in peripheral blood in cervical cancer patients after radical hysterectomy. Neoplasma. 56:230–238. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

184 

Alonso-Alconada L, Muinelo-Romay L, Madissoo K, Diaz-Lopez A, Krakstad C, Trovik J, Wik E, Hapangama D, Coenegrachts L, Cano A, et al ENITEC Consortium: Molecular profiling of circulating tumor cells links plasticity to the metastatic process in endometrial cancer. Mol Cancer. 13:2232014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

185 

Bogani G, Liu MC, Dowdy SC, Cliby WA, Kerr SE, Kalli KR, Kipp BR, Halling KC, Campion MB and Mariani A: Detection of circulating tumor cells in high-risk endometrial cancer. Anticancer Res. 35:683–687. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

186 

Grünewald K, Haun M, Fiegl M, Urbanek M, Müller-Holzner E, Massoner A, Riha K, Propst A, Marth C and Gastl G: Mammaglobin expression in gynecologic malignancies and malignant effusions detected by nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Lab Invest. 82:1147–1153. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

187 

Obermayr E, Sanchez-Cabo F, Tea MK, Singer CF, Krainer M, Fischer MB, Sehouli J, Reinthaller A, Horvat R, Heinze G, et al: Assessment of a six gene panel for the molecular detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood of female cancer patients. BMC Cancer. 10:6662010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Andergassen U, Kölbl AC, Mahner S and Jeschke U: Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review). Oncol Rep 35: 1905-1915, 2016.
APA
Andergassen, U., Kölbl, A.C., Mahner, S., & Jeschke, U. (2016). Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review). Oncology Reports, 35, 1905-1915. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2016.4608
MLA
Andergassen, U., Kölbl, A. C., Mahner, S., Jeschke, U."Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review)". Oncology Reports 35.4 (2016): 1905-1915.
Chicago
Andergassen, U., Kölbl, A. C., Mahner, S., Jeschke, U."Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review)". Oncology Reports 35, no. 4 (2016): 1905-1915. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2016.4608
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Andergassen U, Kölbl AC, Mahner S and Jeschke U: Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review). Oncol Rep 35: 1905-1915, 2016.
APA
Andergassen, U., Kölbl, A.C., Mahner, S., & Jeschke, U. (2016). Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review). Oncology Reports, 35, 1905-1915. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2016.4608
MLA
Andergassen, U., Kölbl, A. C., Mahner, S., Jeschke, U."Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review)". Oncology Reports 35.4 (2016): 1905-1915.
Chicago
Andergassen, U., Kölbl, A. C., Mahner, S., Jeschke, U."Real-time RT-PCR systems for CTC detection from blood samples of breast cancer and gynaecological tumour patients (Review)". Oncology Reports 35, no. 4 (2016): 1905-1915. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2016.4608
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team