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Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer

  • Authors:
    • Namrata Khurana
    • Hogyoung Kim
    • Partha K. Chandra
    • Sudha Talwar
    • Pankaj Sharma
    • Asim B. Abdel-Mageed
    • Suresh C. Sikka
    • Debasis Mondal
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA, Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
    Copyright: © Khurana et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 2774-2786
    |
    Published online on: August 30, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5932
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Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) cells expressing full-length androgen receptor (AR-FL) are susceptible to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, outgrowth of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) can occur due to the expression of constitutively active (ligand-independent) AR splice variants, particularly AR-V7. We previously demonstrated that sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate phytochemical, can decrease AR-FL levels in the PCa cell lines, LNCaP and C4-2B. Here, we examined the efficacy of SFN in targeting both AR-FL and AR-V7 in the CRPC cell line, CWR22Rv1 (22Rv1). MTT cell viability, wound-heal assay, and colony forming unit (CFU) measurements revealed that 22Rv1 cells are resistant to the anti-androgen, enzalutamide (ENZ). However, co-exposure to SFN sensitized these cells to the potent anticancer effects of ENZ (P<0.05). Immunoblot analyses showed that SFN (5-20 µM) rapidly decreases both AR-FL and AR-V7 levels, and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) depicted decreased AR in both cytoplasm and nucleus with SFN treatment. SFN increased both ubiquitination and proteasomal activity in 22Rv1 cells. Studies using a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) or a proteasomal inhibitor (MG132) indicated that SFN increases both ubiquitin-mediated aggregation and subsequent proteasomal-degradation of AR proteins. Previous studies reported that SFN inhibits the chaperone activity of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and induces the nuclear factor erythroid-2-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor. Therefore, we investigated whether the Hsp90 inhibitor, ganetespib (G) or the Nrf2 activator, bardoxolone methyl (BM) can similarly suppress AR levels in 22Rv1 cells. Low doses of G and BM, alone or in combination, decreased both AR-FL and AR-V7 levels, and combined exposure to G+BM sensitized 22Rv1 cells to ENZ. Therefore, adjunct treatment with the phytochemical SFN or a safe pharmaceutical combination of G+BM may be effective against CRPC cells, especially those expressing AR-V7.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Khurana N, Kim H, Chandra PK, Talwar S, Sharma P, Abdel-Mageed AB, Sikka SC and Mondal D: Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 38: 2774-2786, 2017.
APA
Khurana, N., Kim, H., Chandra, P.K., Talwar, S., Sharma, P., Abdel-Mageed, A.B. ... Mondal, D. (2017). Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncology Reports, 38, 2774-2786. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5932
MLA
Khurana, N., Kim, H., Chandra, P. K., Talwar, S., Sharma, P., Abdel-Mageed, A. B., Sikka, S. C., Mondal, D."Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer". Oncology Reports 38.5 (2017): 2774-2786.
Chicago
Khurana, N., Kim, H., Chandra, P. K., Talwar, S., Sharma, P., Abdel-Mageed, A. B., Sikka, S. C., Mondal, D."Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer". Oncology Reports 38, no. 5 (2017): 2774-2786. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5932
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Khurana N, Kim H, Chandra PK, Talwar S, Sharma P, Abdel-Mageed AB, Sikka SC and Mondal D: Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 38: 2774-2786, 2017.
APA
Khurana, N., Kim, H., Chandra, P.K., Talwar, S., Sharma, P., Abdel-Mageed, A.B. ... Mondal, D. (2017). Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncology Reports, 38, 2774-2786. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5932
MLA
Khurana, N., Kim, H., Chandra, P. K., Talwar, S., Sharma, P., Abdel-Mageed, A. B., Sikka, S. C., Mondal, D."Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer". Oncology Reports 38.5 (2017): 2774-2786.
Chicago
Khurana, N., Kim, H., Chandra, P. K., Talwar, S., Sharma, P., Abdel-Mageed, A. B., Sikka, S. C., Mondal, D."Multimodal actions of the phytochemical sulforaphane suppress both AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 cells: Advocating a potent pharmaceutical combination against castration-resistant prostate cancer". Oncology Reports 38, no. 5 (2017): 2774-2786. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5932
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