Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 39 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 39 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer

  • Authors:
    • Yun-Soo Seo
    • Ok-Hwa Kang
    • Ryong Kong
    • Tian Zhou
    • Sang-A Kim
    • Shiyong Ryu
    • Hak-Ryul Kim
    • Dong-Yeul Kwon
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305600, Republic of Korea
  • Pages: 1702-1710
    |
    Published online on: January 23, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6230
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Polygalacin D (PGD) is a bioactive compound isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) and it has a similar structure to platycodin D, which is a well known anticancer agent. In the present study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effects of PGD using NSCLC cell lines. We evaluated the effects of PGD on proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in A549 and H460 cells. PGD significantly induced apoptosis and nuclear condensation in both cell lines. Furthermore, PGD upregulated the cleavage of apoptotic proteins such as caspase-3, -9 and PARP. Additionally, treatment with PGD suppressed the expression of the IAP family of proteins including survivin, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2. Furthermore, PGD induced G0/G1-phase arrest in both cell lines. After treatment with PGD, the expression of TIMP-1, CDK2, cyclin A and cyclin E was reduced at the protein level. In addition, PGD blocked the PI3K/Akt pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of GSK3β, Akt and the expression of PI3K. Our results indicated that the anti-proliferative properties of PGD may result from the regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, which plays a critical role in cell survival and growth.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

View References

1 

Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ and He J: Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 66:115–132. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Couraud S, Zalcman G, Milleron B, Morin F and Souquet PJ: Lung cancer in never smokers: a review. Eur J Cancer. 48:1299–1311. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Travis WD, Travis LB and Devesa SS: Lung cancer. Cancer. 75 Suppl:191–202. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, Yatabe Y, Austin JHM, Beasley MB, Chirieac LR, Dacic S, Duhig E, Flieder DB, et al WHO Panel, : The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of lung tumors: Impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 classification. J Thorac Oncol. 10:1243–1260. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Soria JC, Jang SJ, Khuri FR, Hassan K, Liu D, Hong WK and Mao L: Overexpression of cyclin B1 in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical implication. Cancer Res. 60:4000–4004. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Yoshida T, Tanaka S, Mogi A, Shitara Y and Kuwano H: The clinical significance of Cyclin B1 and Wee1 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 15:252–256. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Daniel C: Lung cancer, a worrying epidemiological evolution. Rev Infirm. 184:14–16. 2012.(In French).

8 

Ball D, Mitchell A, Giroux D and Rami-Porta R; IASLC Staging Committee and Participating Institutions, : Effect of tumor size on prognosis in patients treated with radical radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. An analysis of the staging project database of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 8:315–321. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Spira A and Ettinger DS: Multidisciplinary management of lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 350:379–392. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Kim JW, Park SJ, Lim JH, Yang JW, Shin JC, Lee SW, Suh JW and Hwang SB: Triterpenoid saponins isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum inhibit hepatitis C virus replication. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013:5604172013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Khan M, Maryam A, Zhang H, Mehmood T and Ma T: Killing cancer with platycodin D through multiple mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med. 20:389–402. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kim MO, Moon DO, Choi YH, Lee JD, Kim ND and Kim GY: Platycodin D induces mitotic arrest in vitro, leading to endoreduplication, inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis in leukemia cells. Int J Cancer. 122:2674–2681. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Zhou R, Lu Z, Liu K, Guo J, Liu J, Zhou Y, Yang J, Mi M and Xu H: Platycodin D induces tumor growth arrest by activating FOXO3a expression in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 14:860–871. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Xu C, Sun G, Yuan G, Wang R and Sun X: Effects of platycodin D on proliferation, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signal pathway of human glioma U251 cells. Molecules. 19:21411–21423. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Choi YH, Yoo DS, Choi CW, Cha MR, Kim YS, Lee HS, Lee KR and Ryu SY: Platyconic acid A, a genuine triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Molecules. 13:2871–2879. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Chun J, Ha IJ and Kim YS: Antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and their structure-activity relationships. Planta Med. 79:639–645. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Xie CQ, Zhou P, Zuo J, Li X, Chen Y and Chen JW: Triptolide exerts pro-apoptotic and cell cycle arrest activity on drug-resistant human lung cancer A549/Taxol cells via modulation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Oncol Lett. 12:3586–3590. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Nachmias B, Ashhab Y and Ben-Yehuda D: The inhibitor of apoptosis protein family (IAPs): An emerging therapeutic target in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 14:231–243. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Samuel T, Okada K, Hyer M, Welsh K, Zapata JM and Reed JC: cIAP1 localizes to the nuclear compartment and modulates the cell cycle. Cancer Res. 65:210–218. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

20 

Imoto I, Tsuda H, Hirasawa A, Miura M, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S and Inazawa J: Expression of cIAP1, a target for 11q22 amplification, correlates with resistance of cervical cancers to radiotherapy. Cancer Res. 62:4860–4866. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Tanimoto T, Tsuda H, Imazeki N, Ohno Y, Imoto I, Inazawa J and Matsubara O: Nuclear expression of cIAP-1, an apoptosis inhibiting protein, predicts lymph node metastasis and poor patient prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Lett. 224:141–151. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Che X, Yang D, Zong H, Wang J, Li X, Chen F, Chen X and Song X: Nuclear cIAP1 overexpression is a tumor stage- and grade-independent predictor of poor prognosis in human bladder cancer patients. Urol Oncol. 30:450–456. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kishi H, Igawa M, Kikuno N, Yoshino T, Urakami S and Shiina H: Expression of the survivin gene in prostate cancer: Correlation with clinicopathological characteristics, proliferative activity and apoptosis. J Urol. 171:1855–1860. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Docherty AJ, Lyons A, Smith BJ, Wright EM, Stephens PE, Harris TJ, Murphy G and Reynolds JJ: Sequence of human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and its identity to erythroid-potentiating activity. Nature. 318:66–69. 1985. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Gouyer V, Conti M, Devos P, Zerimech F, Copin MC, Créme E, Wurtz A, Porte H and Huet G: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 is an independent predictor of prognosis in patients with non small cell lung carcinoma who undergo resection with curative intent. Cancer. 103:1676–1684. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Aaberg-Jessen C, Christensen K, Offenberg H, Bartels A, Dreehsen T, Hansen S, Schrøder HD, Brünner N and Kristensen BW: Low expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in glioblastoma predicts longer patient survival. J Neurooncol. 95:117–128. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Hayakawa T, Yamashita K, Tanzawa K, Uchijima E and Iwata K: Growth-promoting activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) for a wide range of cells. A possible new growth factor in serum. FEBS Lett. 298:29–32. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Alao JP: The regulation of cyclin D1 degradation: Roles in cancer development and the potential for therapeutic invention. Mol Cancer. 6:242007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Diehl JA: Cycling to cancer with cyclin D1. Cancer Biol Ther. 1:226–231. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Dworakowska D: Clinical significance of cyclin Dl expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 73:297–300. 2005.(In Polish). PubMed/NCBI

31 

Ishii Y, Pirkmaier A, Alvarez JV, Frank DA, Keselman I, Logothetis D, Mandeli J, O'Connell MJ, Waxman S and Germain D: Cyclin D1 overexpression and response to bortezomib treatment in a breast cancer model. J Natl Cancer Inst. 98:1238–1247. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Du WW, Yang W, Liu E, Yang Z, Dhaliwal P and Yang BB: Foxo3 circular RNA retards cell cycle progression via forming ternary complexes with p21 and CDK2. Nucleic Acids Res. 44:2846–2858. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Hinds PW, Mittnacht S, Dulic V, Arnold A, Reed SI and Weinberg RA: Regulation of retinoblastoma protein functions by ectopic expression of human cyclins. Cell. 70:993–1006. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Yam CH, Fung TK and Poon RY: Cyclin A in cell cycle control and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci. 59:1317–1326. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Porta C, Paglino C and Mosca A: Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling in Cancer. Front Oncol. 4:642014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Zhang J, Yu XH, Yan YG, Wang C and Wang WJ: PI3K/Akt signaling in osteosarcoma. Clin Chim Acta. 444:182–192. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Dong LW, Yang GZ, Pan YF, Chen Y, Tan YX, Dai RY, Ren YB, Fu J and Wang HY: The oncoprotein p28GANK establishes a positive feedback loop in β-catenin signaling. Cell Res. 21:1248–1261. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Neumeister P, Pixley FJ, Xiong Y, Xie H, Wu K, Ashton A, Cammer M, Chan A, Symons M, Stanley ER, et al: Cyclin D1 governs adhesion and motility of macrophages. Mol Biol Cell. 14:2005–2015. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Arber N, Doki Y, Han EK, Sgambato A, Zhou P, Kim NH, Delohery T, Klein MG, Holt PR and Weinstein IB: Antisense to cyclin D1 inhibits the growth and tumorigenicity of human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res. 57:1569–1574. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Seo Y, Kang O, Kong R, Zhou T, Kim S, Ryu S, Kim H and Kwon D: Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 39: 1702-1710, 2018.
APA
Seo, Y., Kang, O., Kong, R., Zhou, T., Kim, S., Ryu, S. ... Kwon, D. (2018). Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology Reports, 39, 1702-1710. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6230
MLA
Seo, Y., Kang, O., Kong, R., Zhou, T., Kim, S., Ryu, S., Kim, H., Kwon, D."Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer". Oncology Reports 39.4 (2018): 1702-1710.
Chicago
Seo, Y., Kang, O., Kong, R., Zhou, T., Kim, S., Ryu, S., Kim, H., Kwon, D."Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer". Oncology Reports 39, no. 4 (2018): 1702-1710. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6230
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Seo Y, Kang O, Kong R, Zhou T, Kim S, Ryu S, Kim H and Kwon D: Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 39: 1702-1710, 2018.
APA
Seo, Y., Kang, O., Kong, R., Zhou, T., Kim, S., Ryu, S. ... Kwon, D. (2018). Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology Reports, 39, 1702-1710. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6230
MLA
Seo, Y., Kang, O., Kong, R., Zhou, T., Kim, S., Ryu, S., Kim, H., Kwon, D."Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer". Oncology Reports 39.4 (2018): 1702-1710.
Chicago
Seo, Y., Kang, O., Kong, R., Zhou, T., Kim, S., Ryu, S., Kim, H., Kwon, D."Polygalacin D induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer". Oncology Reports 39, no. 4 (2018): 1702-1710. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6230
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team