Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
December-2018 Volume 40 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2018 Volume 40 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation

  • Authors:
    • Yilin Chen
    • Ying Huang
    • Xingrong Lu
    • Gaoxiong Wang
    • Pan Chi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China, Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3370-3380
    |
    Published online on: September 26, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6738
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Activation of programmed cell death 1 (PD‑1)/PD‑ligand 1 (PD‑L1) can promote immune suppression of the tumor microenvironment. However, the effects and mechanisms of PD‑L1 silencing on colorectal cancer growth are largely unknown. In the present study, PD‑L1 expression was compared in colorectal cancer and paracancerous tissues by immunofluorescence. A stable colorectal carcinoma cell line encoding PD‑L1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was established. Thereafter, inoculated tumors were modeled in C57B/L6 mice. Experiments were divided into 3 groups: control group, vector group, and PD‑L1 silencing group (inoculated with the stable CT26 cell line encoding PD‑L1 shRNA). Following decapitation of the mice, tumors were weighed and apoptosis of tumor cells was detected. The number and viability of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and a cell counting kit assay, respectively. Compared with paracancerous tissue, colorectal cancer tissue extensively expressed PD‑L1, RAC‑α serine/threonine‑protein kinase (AKT), and phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K). Lymphocyte‑activating gene 3 (LAG‑3) expression was observed at the edge of tumor tissue, but rarely observed in paracancerous tissue. A stable CT26 cell line encoding PD‑L1 shRNA was established, and lack of PD‑L1 expression was confirmed by reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Compared with the control, the shPD‑L1 group demonstrated reduced tumor growth, a high level of apoptosis in tumor cells, a low level of PI3K and AKT expression, and an increased number of cells and greater activity of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells. Taken together, PD‑L1 silencing promoted tumor cell apoptosis, at least in part, through the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

View References

1 

Gao Y, Wang J, Zhou Y, Sheng S, Qian SY and Huo X: Evaluation of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, CA125 and ferritin as diagnostic markers and factors of clinical parameters for colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 8:27322018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Zhang M, Miao F, Huang R, Liu W, Zhao Y, Jiao T, Lu Y, Wu F, Wang X, Wang H, et al: RHBDD1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through the Wnt signaling pathway and its downstream target ZEB1. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 37:222018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Mao X, Ou MT, Karuppagounder SS, Kam TI, Yin X, Xiong Y, Ge P, Umanah GE, Brahmachari S, Shin JH, et al: Pathological α-synuclein transmission initiated by binding lymphocyte-activation gene 3. Science. 353:aah33742016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Chen N, Liu Y, Guo Y, Chen Y, Liu X and Liu M: Lymphocyte activation gene 3 negatively regulates the function of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 30:1788–1795. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Hald SM, Rakaee M, Martinez I, Richardsen E, Al-Saad S, Paulsen EE, Blix ES, Kilvaer T, Andersen S, Busund LT, et al: LAG-3 in non-small-cell lung cancer: Expression in primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes is associated with improved survival. Clin Lung Cancer. 19:249–259. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Burugu S, Gao D, Leung S, Chia SK and Nielsen TO: LAG-3+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: Clinical correlates and association with PD-1/PD-L1+ tumors. Ann Oncol. 28:2977–2984. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Wang S, Liechty B, Patel S, Weber JS, Hollmann TJ, Snuderl M and Karajannis MA: Programmed death ligand 1 expression and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2 associated tumors. J Neurooncol. 138:183–190. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Gettinger SN, Horn L, Gandhi L, Spigel DR, Antonia SJ, Rizvi NA, Powderly JD, Heist RS, Carvajal RD, Jackman DM, et al: Overall survival and long-term safety of nivolumab (anti-programmed death 1 antibody, BMS-936558, ONO-4538) in patients with previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 33:2004–2012. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Carbognin L, Pilotto S, Milella M, Vaccaro V, Brunelli M, Caliò A, Cuppone F, Sperduti I, Giannarelli D, Chilosi M, et al: Differential activity of nivolumab, pembrolizumab and MPDL3280A according to the tumor expression of programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1): Sensitivity analysis of trials in melanoma, lung and genitourinary cancers. PLoS One. 10:e01301422015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Armand P, Shipp MA, Ribrag V, Michot JM, Zinzani PL, Kuruvilla J, Snyder ES, Ricart AD, Balakumaran A, Rose S, et al: Programmed death-1 blockade with pembrolizumab in patients with classical hodgkin lymphoma after brentuximab vedotin failure. J Clin Oncol. 34:3733–3739. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Robert C, Ribas A, Wolchok JD, Hodi FS, Hamid O, Kefford R, Weber JS, Joshua AM, Hwu WJ, Gangadhar TC, et al: Anti-programmed-death-receptor-1 treatment with pembrolizumab in ipilimumab-refractory advanced melanoma: A randomised dose-comparison cohort of a phase 1 trial. Lancet. 384:1109–1117. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Taube JM, Klein A, Brahmer JR, Xu H, Pan X, Kim JH, Chen L, Pardoll DM, Topalian SL and Anders RA: Association of PD-1, PD-1 ligands, and other features of the tumor immune microenvironment with response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 20:5064–5074. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Zhu G, Wang X, Wu S, Li X and Li Q: Neuroprotective effects of puerarin on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced Parkinson's disease model in mice. Phytother Res. 28:179–186. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Lambert E, Fuselier E, Ramont L, Brassart B, Dukic S, Oudart JB, Dupont-Deshorgue A, Sellier C, Machado C, Dauchez M, et al: Conformation-dependent binding of a Tetrastatin peptide to αvβ3 integrin decreases melanoma progression through FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition. Sci Rep. 8:98372018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Tian J and Yuan L: Sirtuin 6 inhibits colon cancer progression by modulating PTEN/AKT signaling. Biomed Pharmacother. 106:109–116. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Li J, Chen H, Wu S, Cheng Y, Li Q, Wang J and Zhu G: MPP+ inhibits mGluR1/5-mediated long-term depression in mouse hippocampus by calpain activation. Eur J Pharmacol. 795:22–27. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Very N, Lefebvre T and El Yazidi-Belkoura I: Drug resistance related to aberrant glycosylation in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 9:1380–1402. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Santini FC and Hellmann MD: PD-1/PD-L1 axis in lung cancer. Cancer J. 24:15–19. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Mathew M, Enzler T, Shu CA and Rizvi NA: Combining chemotherapy with PD-1 blockade in NSCLC. Pharmacol Ther. 186:130–137. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Liu S, Chen S, Yuan W, Wang H, Chen K and Li D and Li D: PD-1/PD-L1 interaction up-regulates MDR1/P-gp expression in breast cancer cells via PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. Oncotarget. 8:99901–99912. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Almozyan S, Colak D, Mansour F, Alaiya A, Al-Harazi O, Qattan A, Al-Mohanna F, Al-Alwan M and Ghebeh H: PD-L1 promotes OCT4 and Nanog expression in breast cancer stem cells by sustaining PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Int J Cancer. 141:1402–1412. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Lopez-Rivera E, Jayaraman P, Parikh F, Davies MA, Ekmekcioglu S, Izadmehr S, Milton DR, Chipuk JE, Grimm EA, Estrada Y, et al: Inducible nitric oxide synthase drives mTOR pathway activation and proliferation of human melanoma by reversible nitrosylation of TSC2. Cancer Res. 74:1067–1078. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Zhang X, Zeng Y, Qu Q, Zhu J, Liu Z, Ning W, Zeng H, Zhang N, Du W, Chen C, et al: PD-L1 induced by IFN-γ from tumor-associated macrophages via the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways promoted progression of lung cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 22:1026–1033. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Blank C, Brown I, Peterson AC, Spiotto M, Iwai Y, Honjo T and Gajewski TF: PD-L1/B7H-1 inhibits the effector phase of tumor rejection by T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res. 64:1140–1145. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Francisco LM, Salinas VH, Brown KE, Vanguri VK, Freeman GJ, Kuchroo VK and Sharpe AH: PD-L1 regulates the development, maintenance, and function of induced regulatory T cells. J Exp Med. 206:3015–3029. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Nguyen LT and Ohashi PS: Clinical blockade of PD1 and LAG3-potential mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Immunol. 15:45–56. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Thorpe LM, Yuzugullu H and Zhao JJ: PI3K in cancer: Divergent roles of isoforms, modes of activation and therapeutic targeting. Nat Rev Cancer. 15:7–24. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Zhu G, Wang X, Wu S and Li Q: Involvement of activation of PI3K/Akt pathway in the protective effects of puerarin against MPP+-induced human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell death. Neurochem Int. 60:400–408. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Rasà DM, Saccone S, Federico C, Magro G, Cavallaro S and D'Agata V: Caffeine inhibits angiogenesis in human glioblastoma cells via HIFs modulation. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. Feb 9–2018.(Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.2174/1871520618666180209151750. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Li J, Yang S and Zhu G: Postnatal calpain inhibition elicits cerebellar cell death and motor dysfunction. Oncotarget. 8:87997–88007. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Suh DS, Park SE, Jin H, Lee K and Bae J: LRIG2 is a growth suppressor of Hec-1A and Ishikawa endometrial adenocarcinoma cells by regulating PI3K/AKT- and EGFR-mediated apoptosis and cell-cycle. Oncogenesis. 7:32018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Chen L, Xiong YQ, Xu J, Wang JP, Meng ZL and Hong YQ: Juglanin inhibits lung cancer by regulation of apoptosis, ROS and autophagy induction. Oncotarget. 8:93878–93898. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Okamura T, Fujio K, Shibuya M, Sumitomo S, Shoda H, Sakaguchi S and Yamamoto K: CD4+CD25−LAG3+ regulatory T cells controlled by the transcription factor Egr-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:13974–13979. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Okamura T, Sumitomo S, Morita K, Iwasaki Y, Inoue M, Nakachi S, Komai T, Shoda H, Miyazaki J, Fujio K and Yamamoto K: TGF-β3-expressing CD4+CD25−LAG3+ regulatory T cells control humoral immune responses. Nat Commun. 6:63292015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen Y, Huang Y, Lu X, Wang G and Chi P: Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation. Oncol Rep 40: 3370-3380, 2018.
APA
Chen, Y., Huang, Y., Lu, X., Wang, G., & Chi, P. (2018). Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation. Oncology Reports, 40, 3370-3380. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6738
MLA
Chen, Y., Huang, Y., Lu, X., Wang, G., Chi, P."Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation". Oncology Reports 40.6 (2018): 3370-3380.
Chicago
Chen, Y., Huang, Y., Lu, X., Wang, G., Chi, P."Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation". Oncology Reports 40, no. 6 (2018): 3370-3380. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6738
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen Y, Huang Y, Lu X, Wang G and Chi P: Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation. Oncol Rep 40: 3370-3380, 2018.
APA
Chen, Y., Huang, Y., Lu, X., Wang, G., & Chi, P. (2018). Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation. Oncology Reports, 40, 3370-3380. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6738
MLA
Chen, Y., Huang, Y., Lu, X., Wang, G., Chi, P."Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation". Oncology Reports 40.6 (2018): 3370-3380.
Chicago
Chen, Y., Huang, Y., Lu, X., Wang, G., Chi, P."Antitumor effects of the silencing of programmed cell death ligand 1 in colorectal cancer via immunoregulation". Oncology Reports 40, no. 6 (2018): 3370-3380. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6738
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team