Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
January-2019 Volume 41 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2019 Volume 41 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts

  • Authors:
    • Guangxia Chen
    • Chenxiao Yu
    • Zhicheng Tang
    • Shiyu Liu
    • Fangmei An
    • Junjia Zhu
    • Qianqian Wu
    • Jianping Cao
    • Qiang Zhan
    • Shuyu Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China, Department of Gastroenterology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
  • Pages: 405-414
    |
    Published online on: October 11, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6783
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumor types worldwide, with a high morbidity and associated mortality. The interaction between gastric cancer cells and their microenvironment has a significant role in their maintenance and progression. Gastric tumor‑associated fibroblasts (TAFs) are among the major regulators of the gastric cancer microenvironment. Metformin, a classical anti‑diabetic drug, is known to prevent cancer progression. However, the effect of metformin on gastric TAFs and TAF‑associated cancer progression has remained to be elucidated. In the present study, TAFs were isolated from gastric cancer patients, pre‑treated with metformin and then co‑cultured with gastric cancer cell lines. It was demonstrated that pre‑treatment with 200 µM metformin reduced the stimulatory effect of TAFs on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in co‑culture, suggesting that metformin impairs the tumor‑promoting role of TAFs. Using tandem mass tags‑based quantitative proteomic analysis, it was identified that metformin significantly affected the secretion of 32 proteins (14 upregulated and 18 downregulated) in the culture medium of gastric TAFs. Among these proteins, calmodulin‑like protein 3 (Calml3) was 2.88‑fold upregulated in the culture medium of gastric TAFs after metformin treatment and a further experiment using recombinant Calml3 indicated its suppressive effect on the clonogenicity of gastric cancer cells. It was concluded that metformin suppresses gastric cancer through stimulating Calml3 secretion from TAFs, which represents a novel anticancer mechanism of metformin.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Van Cutsem E, Sagaert X, Topal B, Haustermans K and Prenen H: Gastric cancer. Lancet. 388:2654–2664. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ and He J: Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 66:115–132. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, Forman D and Bray F: Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 49:1374–1403. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Bornschein J, Selgrad M, Warnecke M, Kuester D, Wex T and Malfertheiner P: H. pylori infection is a key risk factor for proximal gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci. 55:3124–3131. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wang F, Meng W, Wang B and Qiao L: Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation and gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. 345:196–202. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Jiang L, Yang KH, Guan QL, Zhao P, Chen Y and Tian JH: Survival and recurrence free benefits with different lymphadenectomy for resectable gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol. 107:807–814. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Orditura M, Galizia G, Sforza V, Gambardella V, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, Andreozzi F, Ventriglia J, Savastano B, Mabilia A, et al: Treatment of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 20:1635–1649. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Tao L, Huang G, Song H, Chen Y and Chen L: Cancer associated fibroblasts: An essential role in the tumor microenvironment. Oncol Lett. 14:2611–2620. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Shiga K, Hara M, Nagasaki T, Sato T, Takahashi H and Takeyama H: Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Their characteristics and their roles in tumor growth. Cancers. 7:2443–2458. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Chung HW and Lim JB: Role of the tumor microenvironment in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 20:1667–1680. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Kalluri R: The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 16:582–598. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Tomasek JJ, Gabbiani G, Hinz B, Chaponnier C and Brown RA: Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 3:349–363. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Marsh T, Pietras K and McAllister SS: Fibroblasts as architects of cancer pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1832:1070–1078. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Ostman A and Augsten M: Cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor growth-bystanders turning into key players. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 19:67–73. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Kalluri R and Zeisberg M: Fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 6:392–401. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Öhlund D, Elyada E and Tuveson D: Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound. J Exp Med. 211:1503–1523. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Yan Y, Wang LF and Wang RF: Role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 21:9717–9726. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Pang T, Wang X, Gao J, Chen W, Shen XJ, Nie MM, Luo T, Yin K, Fang G, Wang KX, et al: Fiber-modified hexon-chimeric oncolytic adenovirus targeting cancer associated fibroblasts inhibits tumor growth in gastric carcinoma. Oncotarget. 8:76468–76478. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Gotlieb WH, Saumet J, Beauchamp MC, Gu J, Lau S, Pollak MN and Bruchim I: In vitro metformin anti-neoplastic activity in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 110:246–250. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Akinyeke T, Matsumura S, Wang X, Wu Y, Schalfer ED, Saxena A, Yan W, Logan SK and Li X: Metformin targets c-MYC oncogene to prevent prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis. 34:2823–2832. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zakikhani M, Dowling R, Fantus IG, Sonenberg N and Pollak M: Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 66:10269–10273. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Yu C, Jiao Y, Xue J, Zhang Q, Yang H, Xing L, Chen G, Wu J, Zhang S, Zhu W and Cao J: Metformin sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to an epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) treatment by suppressing the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci. 13:1560–1569. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Safe S, Naira V and Karki K: Metformin-induced anticancer activities: Recent insights. Metformin-induced anticancer activities: Recent insights. Biol Chem. 399:321–335. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Malki A and Youssef A: Antidiabetic drug metformin induces apoptosis in human MCF breast cancer via targeting ERK signaling. Oncol Res. 19:275–285. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Bhalla K, Hwang BJ, Dewi RE, Twaddel W, Goloubeva OG, Wong KK, Saxena NK, Biswal S and Girnun GD: Metformin prevents liver tumorigenesis by inhibiting pathways driving hepatic lipogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Philla). 5:544–552. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Chen G, Feng W, Zhang S, Bian K, Yang Y, Fang C, Chen M, Yang J and Zou X: Metformin inhibits gastric cancer via the inhibition of HIF1α/PKM2 signaling. Am J Cancer Res. 5:1423–1434. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Yang B, Li M, Tang W, Liu W, Zhang S, Chen L and Xia J: Dynamic network biomarker indicates pulmonary metastasis at the tipping point of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun. 9:6782018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Yang X, Xu X, Zhu J, Zhang S, Wu Y, Wu Y, Zhao K, Xing C, Cao J, Zhu H, et al: miR-31 affects colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Oncotarget. 7:79617–79628. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Yu J, Dong X, Wang L, Ji H and Liu A: Antitumor effects of seleno-β-lactoglobulin (Se-β-Lg) against human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 833:109–115. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Olumi AF, Grossfeld GD, Hayward SW, Carroll PR, Tlsty TD and Cunha GR: Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts direct tumor progression of initiated human prostatic epithelium. Cancer Res. 59:5002–5011. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Orimo A, Gupta PB, Sgroi DC, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Delaunay T, Naeem R, Carey VJ, Richardson AL and Weinberg RA: Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell. 121:335–348. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Klil-Drori AJ, Azoulay L and Pollak MN: Cancer, obesity, diabetes, and antidiabetic drugs: Is the fog clearing? Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 14:85–99. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Vermeulen L, De Sousa E, Melo F, van der Heijden M, Cameron K, de Jong JH, Borovski T, Tuynman JB, Todaro M, Merz C, Rodermond H, et al: Wnt activity defines colon cancer stem cells and is regulated by the microenvironment. Nat Cell Biol. 12:468–476. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Borges FT, Melo SA, Özdemir BC, Kato N, Revuelta I, Miller CA, Gattone VH II, LeBleu VS and Kalluri R: TGF-β1-containing exosomes from injured epithelial cells activate fibroblasts to initiate tissue regenerative responses and fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 24:385–392. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Kahlert C and Kalluri R: Exosomes in tumor microenvironment influence cancer progression and metastasis. J Mol Med. 91:431–437. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Luga V and Wrana JL: Tumor-stroma interaction: Revealing fibroblast-secreted exosomes as potent regulators of Wnt-planar cell polarity signaling in cancer metastasis. Cancer Res. 73:6843–6847. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yaswen P, Smoll A, Peehl DM, Trask DK, Sager R and Stampfer MR: Down-regulation of a calmodulin-related gene during transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:7360–7364. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Rogers MS, Foley MA, Crotty TB, Hartmann LC, Ingle JN, Roche PC and Strehler EE: Loss of immunoreactivity for human calmodulin-like protein is an early event in breast cancer development. Neoplasia. 1:220–225. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Brooks MD, Bennett RD, Strehler EE, Sebo TJ, Eckert SE and Carr AB: Human calmodulin-like protein (CLP) expression in oral squamous mucosa and in malignant transformation. J Prosthodont. 18:11–16. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen G, Yu C, Tang Z, Liu S, An F, Zhu J, Wu Q, Cao J, Zhan Q, Zhang S, Zhang S, et al: Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts. Oncol Rep 41: 405-414, 2019.
APA
Chen, G., Yu, C., Tang, Z., Liu, S., An, F., Zhu, J. ... Zhang, S. (2019). Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts. Oncology Reports, 41, 405-414. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6783
MLA
Chen, G., Yu, C., Tang, Z., Liu, S., An, F., Zhu, J., Wu, Q., Cao, J., Zhan, Q., Zhang, S."Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts". Oncology Reports 41.1 (2019): 405-414.
Chicago
Chen, G., Yu, C., Tang, Z., Liu, S., An, F., Zhu, J., Wu, Q., Cao, J., Zhan, Q., Zhang, S."Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts". Oncology Reports 41, no. 1 (2019): 405-414. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6783
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen G, Yu C, Tang Z, Liu S, An F, Zhu J, Wu Q, Cao J, Zhan Q, Zhang S, Zhang S, et al: Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts. Oncol Rep 41: 405-414, 2019.
APA
Chen, G., Yu, C., Tang, Z., Liu, S., An, F., Zhu, J. ... Zhang, S. (2019). Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts. Oncology Reports, 41, 405-414. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6783
MLA
Chen, G., Yu, C., Tang, Z., Liu, S., An, F., Zhu, J., Wu, Q., Cao, J., Zhan, Q., Zhang, S."Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts". Oncology Reports 41.1 (2019): 405-414.
Chicago
Chen, G., Yu, C., Tang, Z., Liu, S., An, F., Zhu, J., Wu, Q., Cao, J., Zhan, Q., Zhang, S."Metformin suppresses gastric cancer progression through calmodulin‑like protein 3 secreted from tumor‑associated fibroblasts". Oncology Reports 41, no. 1 (2019): 405-414. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6783
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team