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Review

Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yiqun Fan
    • Chi Zhang
    • Shengjie Jin
    • Zhihui Gao
    • Jun Cao
    • Aoqing Wang
    • Dawei Li
    • Qian Wang
    • Xing Sun
    • Dousheng Bai
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China , Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China, Institute of Hematology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
  • Pages: 3-14
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    Published online on: October 24, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6819
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Abstract

Cancer cells can escape antitumor immune responses by exploiting inhibitory immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoint therapy, mainly including anti‑CTLA‑4 therapy and anti‑PD‑1/PD‑L1 therapy, can enhance antitumor immune responses by blocking the inhibitory signals of the immune system. This therapy has produced clinical advances in a fraction of patients. Deeper insight into the tumor microenvironment and immune checkpoint inhibitors will improve this therapy. Here, we review immune checkpoint inhibitors that prevent tumor immune escape and recent clinical studies of immune checkpoint therapy. We also compare the efficacy of different combination immunotherapies, describe how the relationship between the gut microbiome and immune system can determine the therapeutic outcomes for immune checkpoint inhibitors and introduce several novel immune checkpoints that are potential targets for antitumor immunotherapy in the future.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Fan Y, Zhang C, Jin S, Gao Z, Cao J, Wang A, Li D, Wang Q, Sun X, Bai D, Bai D, et al: Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review). Oncol Rep 41: 3-14, 2019.
APA
Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Jin, S., Gao, Z., Cao, J., Wang, A. ... Bai, D. (2019). Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review). Oncology Reports, 41, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6819
MLA
Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Jin, S., Gao, Z., Cao, J., Wang, A., Li, D., Wang, Q., Sun, X., Bai, D."Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review)". Oncology Reports 41.1 (2019): 3-14.
Chicago
Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Jin, S., Gao, Z., Cao, J., Wang, A., Li, D., Wang, Q., Sun, X., Bai, D."Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review)". Oncology Reports 41, no. 1 (2019): 3-14. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6819
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Fan Y, Zhang C, Jin S, Gao Z, Cao J, Wang A, Li D, Wang Q, Sun X, Bai D, Bai D, et al: Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review). Oncol Rep 41: 3-14, 2019.
APA
Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Jin, S., Gao, Z., Cao, J., Wang, A. ... Bai, D. (2019). Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review). Oncology Reports, 41, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6819
MLA
Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Jin, S., Gao, Z., Cao, J., Wang, A., Li, D., Wang, Q., Sun, X., Bai, D."Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review)". Oncology Reports 41.1 (2019): 3-14.
Chicago
Fan, Y., Zhang, C., Jin, S., Gao, Z., Cao, J., Wang, A., Li, D., Wang, Q., Sun, X., Bai, D."Progress of immune checkpoint therapy in the clinic (Review)". Oncology Reports 41, no. 1 (2019): 3-14. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6819
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