Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
March-2019 Volume 41 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2019 Volume 41 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis

  • Authors:
    • Jiuxiang Xu
    • Keiichi Koizumi
    • Mengxin Liu
    • Yusuke Mizuno
    • Mikiko Suzaki
    • Hirofumi Iitsuka
    • Akiko Inujima
    • Makoto Fujimoto
    • Naotoshi Shibahara
    • Yutaka Shimada
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan, Division of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930‑0194, Japan
  • Pages: 2020-2026
    |
    Published online on: January 11, 2019
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2019.6966
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Apoptosis is important for tumor suppression and may delay cancer progression. It was found that shikonin induced apoptosis in 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells and MDA‑MB‑231 human breast cancer cells in vitro. Total p38 and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) levels were maintained in 4T1 cells, and p38 phosphorylation, but not JNK phosphorylation, was significantly increased. Caspase‑3/7 activity was detected, which suggested that the p38 pathway, but not the JNK signaling pathway, induced apoptosis in 4T1 cells. The anti‑tumor effects of shikonin on orthotopic mouse models were also examined. On day 7 after inoculation of 4T1 cells into mice, tumor volumes in the shikonin‑treated and the control groups began to differ. On day 13, tumors were weighed, and shikonin was revealed to suppress tumor growth in the orthotopic 4T1 model in vivo. In conclusion, shikonin is a potential anti‑tumor drug for breast cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 61:69–90. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Wakimoto R, Ono M, Takeshima M, Higuchi T and Nakano S: Differential anticancer activity of pterostilbene against three subtypes of human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 37:6153–6159. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Chavoshi H, Vahedian V, Saghaei S, Pirouzpanah MB, Raeisi M and Samadi N: Adjuvant therapy with silibinin improves the efficacy of paclitaxel and cisplatin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 18:2243–2247. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Zhao Y, Tian B, Wang Y and Ding H: Kaempferol sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells-OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis via JNK/ERK-CHOP pathway and up-regulation of death receptors 4 and 5. Med Sci Monit. 23:5096–5105. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wu WS, Chien CC, Liu KH, Chen YC and Chiu WT: Evodiamine prevents glioma growth, induces glioblastoma cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through JNK activation. Am J Chin Med. 45:879–899. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Bi Y, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Zhang K, Hua X, Fang Z, Zhou J, Dai W, Cui Y, Li J, et al: Effect of shikonin on spinal cord injury in rats via regulation of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem. 43:481–491. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ding H, Jiang L, Xu J, Bai F, Zhou Y, Yuan Q, Luo J, Zen K and Yang J: Inhibiting aerobic glycolysis suppresses renal interstitial fibroblast activation and renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 313:F561–F575. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Andújar I, Ríos JL, Giner RM and Recio MC: Pharmacological properties of shikonin-a review of literature since 2002. Planta Med. 79:1685–1697. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Yang Y, Wang J, Yang Q, Wu S, Yang Z, Zhu H, Zheng M, Liu W, Wu W, He J, et al: Shikonin inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of HMGB1 in RAW264.7 cells via IFN and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 19:81–87. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Wang SY, Yang XJ, Yang SS, Wang W, Tian YY, Cao FL and Zhou J: Association analysis of cytokine polymorphisms and plasma level in Northern Chinese Han patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Chin Med J (Engl). 125:1576–1580. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Chen Y, Zheng L, Liu J, Zhou Z, Cao X, Lv X and Chen F: Shikonin inhibits prostate cancer cells metastasis by reducing matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 expression via AKT/mTOR and ROS/ERK1/2 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 21:447–455. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Ning L, Ma H, Jiang Z, Chen L, Li L, Chen Q and Qi H: Curcumol suppresses breast cancer cell metastasis by inhibiting MMP-9 via JNK1/2 and Akt-dependent NF-κB signaling pathways. Integr Cancer Ther. 15:216–225. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Scherberich A, Tucker RP, Degen M, Brown-Luedi M, Andres AC and Chiquet-Ehrismann R: Tenascin-W is found in malignant mammary tumors, promotes alpha8 integrin-dependent motility and requires p38MAPK activity for BMP-2 and TNF-alpha induced expression in vitro. Oncogene. 24:1525–1532. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Su Y, Huang N, Chen D, Zhang L, Dong X, Sun Y, Zhu X, Zhang F, Gao J, Wang Y, et al: Successful in vivo hyperthermal therapy toward breast cancer by Chinese medicine shikonin-loaded thermosensitive micelle. Int J Nanomedicine. 12:4019–4035. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Jang SY, Lee JK, Jang EH, Jeong SY and Kim JH: Shikonin blocks migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation. Oncol Rep. 31:2827–2833. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Jiang W, Tian W, Ijaz M and Wang F: Inhibition of EGF-induced migration and invasion by sulfated polysaccharide of Sepiella maindroni ink via the suppression of EGFR/Akt/p38 MAPK/MMP-2 signaling pathway in KB cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 95:95–102. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Thakur R, Trivedi R, Rastogi N, Singh M and Mishra DP: Inhibition of STAT3, FAK and Src mediated signaling reduces cancer stem cell load, tumorigenic potential and metastasis in breast cancer. Sci Rep. 5:101942015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Nie Y, Yang Y, Zhang J, Cai G, Chang Y, Chai G and Guo C: Shikonin suppresses pulmonary fibroblasts proliferation and activation by regulating Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother. 95:1119–1128. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Takaku S, Shimizu M and Takahashi H: Japanese Kampo medicine ninjin'yoeito synergistically enhances tumor vaccine effects mediated by CD8+ T cells. Oncol Lett. 13:3471–3478. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Borhani S, Mozdarani H, Babalui S, Bakhshandeh M and Nosrati H: In vitro radiosensitizing effects of temozolomide on U87MG cell lines of human glioblastoma multiforme. Iran J Med Sci. 42:258–265. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Hsu PC, Huang YT, Tsai ML, Wang YJ, Lin JK and Pan MH: Induction of apoptosis by shikonin through coordinative modulation of the Bcl-2 family, p27, and p53, release of cytochrome c, and sequential activation of caspases in human colorectal carcinoma cells. J Agric Food Chem. 52:6330–6337. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Nam KN, Son MS, Park JH and Lee EH; Shikonins attenuate microglial inflammatory responses by inhibition of ERK, Akt, and NF-kappa B, : Neuroprotective implications. Neuropharmacology. 55:819–825. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Baradaran PC, Mohammadi A, Mansoori B, Baradaran SC and Baradaran B: Growth inhibitory effect of Scrophularia oxysepala extract on mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells in vitro and in vivo systems. Biomed Pharmacother. 85:718–724. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Gong K and Li W: Shikonin, a Chinese plant-derived naphthoquinone, induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through reactive oxygen species: A potential new treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med. 51:2259–2271. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Mao X, Yu CR, Li WH and Li WX: Induction of apoptosis by shikonin through a ROS/JNK-mediated process in Bcr/Abl-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells. Cell Res. 18:879–888. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Liu T, Xia Y, Li J, Li S, Feng J, Wu L, Zhang R, Xu S, Cheng K, Zhou Y, et al: Shikonin attenuates concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury in mice via inhibition of the JNK pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2016. 27483672016.

27 

Kim KY, Park KI, Kim SH, Yu SN, Park SG, Kim YW, Seo YK, Ma JY and Ahn SC: Inhibition of autophagy promotes salinomycin-induced apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-Mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK/p38 MAPK-dependent signaling in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci. 18:10882017. View Article : Google Scholar :

28 

Yoshida K, Kuwano K, Hagimoto N, Watanabe K, Matsuba T, Fujita M, Inoshima I and Hara N: MAP kinase activation and apoptosis in lung tissues from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Pathol. 198:388–396. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Khalil N, Xu YD, O'Connor R and Duronio V: Proliferation of pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta1-induced release of extracellular fibroblast growth factor-2 and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK. J Biol Chem. 280:43000–43009. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Ahn J, Won M, Choi JH, Kim YS, Jung CR, Im DS, Kyun ML, Lee K, Song KB and Chung KS: Reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of the Akt/ASK1/p38 signaling cascade and p21(Cip1) downregulation are required for shikonin-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis. 18:870–881. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Shahsavari Z, Karami-Tehrani F and Salami S: Shikonin induced necroptosis via reactive oxygen species in the T-47D breast cancer cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 16:7261–7266. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Lan W, Wan S, Gu W, Wang H and Zhou S: Mechanisms behind the inhibition of lung adenocarcinoma cell by shikonin. Cell Biochem Biophys. 70:1459–1467. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Nguyen QD, Challapalli A, Smith G, Fortt R and Aboagye EO: Imaging apoptosis with positron emission tomography: ‘bench to bedside’ development of the caspase-3/7 specific radiotracer [(18)F]ICMT-11. Eur J Cancer. 48:432–440. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Hong D, Jang SY, Jang EH, Jung B, Cho IH, Park MJ, Jeong SY and Kim JH: Shikonin as an inhibitor of the LPS-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 36:1601–1606. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xu J, Koizumi K, Liu M, Mizuno Y, Suzaki M, Iitsuka H, Inujima A, Fujimoto M, Shibahara N, Shimada Y, Shimada Y, et al: Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis. Oncol Rep 41: 2020-2026, 2019.
APA
Xu, J., Koizumi, K., Liu, M., Mizuno, Y., Suzaki, M., Iitsuka, H. ... Shimada, Y. (2019). Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis. Oncology Reports, 41, 2020-2026. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2019.6966
MLA
Xu, J., Koizumi, K., Liu, M., Mizuno, Y., Suzaki, M., Iitsuka, H., Inujima, A., Fujimoto, M., Shibahara, N., Shimada, Y."Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis". Oncology Reports 41.3 (2019): 2020-2026.
Chicago
Xu, J., Koizumi, K., Liu, M., Mizuno, Y., Suzaki, M., Iitsuka, H., Inujima, A., Fujimoto, M., Shibahara, N., Shimada, Y."Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis". Oncology Reports 41, no. 3 (2019): 2020-2026. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2019.6966
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xu J, Koizumi K, Liu M, Mizuno Y, Suzaki M, Iitsuka H, Inujima A, Fujimoto M, Shibahara N, Shimada Y, Shimada Y, et al: Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis. Oncol Rep 41: 2020-2026, 2019.
APA
Xu, J., Koizumi, K., Liu, M., Mizuno, Y., Suzaki, M., Iitsuka, H. ... Shimada, Y. (2019). Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis. Oncology Reports, 41, 2020-2026. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2019.6966
MLA
Xu, J., Koizumi, K., Liu, M., Mizuno, Y., Suzaki, M., Iitsuka, H., Inujima, A., Fujimoto, M., Shibahara, N., Shimada, Y."Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis". Oncology Reports 41.3 (2019): 2020-2026.
Chicago
Xu, J., Koizumi, K., Liu, M., Mizuno, Y., Suzaki, M., Iitsuka, H., Inujima, A., Fujimoto, M., Shibahara, N., Shimada, Y."Shikonin induces an anti‑tumor effect on murine mammary cancer via p38‑dependent apoptosis". Oncology Reports 41, no. 3 (2019): 2020-2026. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2019.6966
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team