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Introduction

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. The latest statistics revealed that there were 2.1 million newly diagnosed lung cancer cases and 1.8 million deaths predicted in 2018 (1). NSCLC is the most common lung cancer form, representing 80–85% of all lung cancer cases (2). Radiotherapy plays a key role in the treatment of both early stage and locally advanced NSCLC (3). However, due to the intrinsic or acquired radioresistance, the therapeutic outcomes of radiotherapy in NSCLC patients are not entirely satisfactory. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of radiotherapy, enhancing radiosensitivity and overcoming radioresistance have great practical significance in the clinical treatment of NSCLC.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins (4). It has been demonstrated that >98% of the human genome is transcribed into ncRNA, including microRNA (miRNA), circular RNA(circRNA) and lncRNA (5–7). lncRNAs are largely polyadenylated transcripts and of >200 nts in length (8). Extensive studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs regulate gene expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and are involved in multiple cellular activities including cell development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration (9,10). It is also suggested that lncRNAs participate in the regulation of the IR-induced apoptotic process. For example, Lai et al reported that downregulation of lncRNA CCAT1 improved the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells (11) and Wu et al reported that knockdown of lncRNA PVT1 enhanced the radiosensitivity of NSCLC (12).

lncRNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5), located at chromosome 1q25.1, was originally isolated from a screen for potential tumor suppressor genes during cancer cell growth arrest and apoptosis (13). Recently, lncRNA GAS5 was revealed to be aberrantly expressed in various cancerous tissues (14,15) and modulate chemo- and radio-responses (16,17). However, little is known concerning the functional role of lncRNA GAS5 and its underlying molecular mechanism in promoting radiosensitivity of NSCLC.

In the present study, it was determined that lncRNA GAS5 was differentially expressed between the radiosensitive NSCLC cell line NCI-H460 and the radioresistant cell line A549. The effects of lncRNA GAS5 and its binding target microRNA-21 (miR-21) on IR-induced cell apoptosis were investigated and the interactions between lncRNA GAS5, miR-21 and the PTEN/Akt pathway were explored.

Material and methods

Cell line selection and cell culture

Two human NSCLC cell lines A549 and NCI-H460 were selected for this study. These two lines were selected because they share common genetic features, e.g. both the two cell lines are wild-type in TP53 and therefore, compared to the mutated lines, they are less likely to exhibit genomic instability over the course of lncRNA screening (18). Another reason is that they exhibit markedly different responses to IR (19).

The NCI-H460 cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). A549 and 239T cells were purchased from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (#SCSP-503 and #GNHu17; Shanghai) and maintained in our laboratory. Cells were grown in DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin (all from Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) at 37°C in 95% air/5% CO2.

Ionizing radiation

A549 and NCI-H460 cells were cultured in 75 cm2 cell culture flasks (Corning, Inc.). For IR, the cells were received up to a total dose of 8 Gy X-ray at a dose rate of 1 Gy/min in X-RAD 320 (Precision X-RAD; Precision X-Ray). After IR, the tissue culture medium was refreshed and the cells were continually cultured in the same condition until the subsequent experiments were performed.

Cell viability assay

Cell viability was evaluated by WST-1 assay (Roche Diagnostics). A549 and NCI-H460 cells (5×103) were seeded in 96-well plates. After 24 h, the cells were divided into five groups and irradiated with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 Gy X-ray. According to the manufacturer's instructions, at 12 h post-IR, WST-1 was added to cell supernatants and incubated at 37°C for 3 h in the dark. The absorbance of 450–630 nm was measured with a microplate reader (Thermo Labsystem MK3; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Cell apoptosis assay

Cell apoptosis was analyzed using an Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (cat. no. 556547; BD Biosciences). Briefly, 1×105 A549 and NCI-H460 cells were digested and washed with 1X binding buffer and centrifuged for 5 min at 200 × g. The cell pellet was suspended and stained with 50 µl staining solution containing 5 µl PI and 5 µl Annexin V-FITC. Data were acquired on a FACScan flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo software (version 10.0; FlowJo LLC).

RNA extraction and reverse transcriptional reaction

Total RNA was isolated using EasyPure RNA Purification Kit (cat. no. ER701; TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd.). For microRNA experiments, EasyPure miRNA Kit (cat. no. ER601; TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd.) was used specially for <200 nt RNA purification. For reverse transcriptional reaction, 800–1,000 ng isolated RNA was reverse-transcribed with PrimeScript RT reagent Kit (cat. no. RR037, Takara Biotechnology, Co, Ltd.). Reverse transcriptional primers were as follows: miR-21, 5′-GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATACGACTCAACA-3′ (16); miR-23a, 5′-GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATACGACGGAAAT-3′; and miR222, 5′-GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATACGACACCCAG-3′; for the cDNA library construction and PCR reaction oligo(dT)15 plus random primers were used.

Next-generation sequencing

cDNAs from the irradiated and control cells were sent for sequencing. RNA-Seq was performed on a HiSeq4000 (Illumina, Inc.) and yielded ~35 million reads with a length of 150 bp per sample (Beijing Honor Tech Co., Ltd.). Gene counts were normalized to the values of fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM).

Plasmid construction

To overexpress lncRNA GAS5 in cells, the full-length of GAS5 gene was synthesized by Shanghai Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. and cloned into a GFP-deleted pGreenPuro lentiviral vector (SBI) using XbaI and EcoRV to construct the pGreenPuro-GAS5 plasmid.

Lentivirus packaging and transduction

293 T cells were transfected with a total amount of 2 µg of lentiviral expression construct including 800 ng psPAX2, 400 ng pMD2.G and 800 ng pGreenPuro-GAS5. Transfections were performed in 6-well plates using Lipofectamine 2000 according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Viral supernatants were collected twice at 24 and 48 h post-transfection. For the transduction, A549 cells were incubated in lentiviral supernatants for 48 h until the transduction efficiency was ~100%.

siRNA and miRNA transfection

siRNA targeting GAS5 (si-GAS5) and siRNA negative control (si-NC) were synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. The si-GAS5 sense sequence was: 5′-UCUUCAAUCAUGAAUUCUGAG-3′ and the antisense sequence was: 5′-CAGAAUUCAUGAUUGAAGAAA-3′. The si-NC sense sequence was: 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′ and the antisense sequence was: 5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT-3′ (16). miR-21 inhibitor and inhibitor negative control molecules (inhibitor-NC) were purchased from Guangzhou Ribobio Co., Ltd. The sequence of miR-21 inhibitor was 5′-UCAACAUCAGUCUGAUAAGCUA-3′ and the sequence of inhibitor-NC was 5′-CAGUACUUUUGUAGUACAA-3′. Briefly, 2×105 A549 cells in one well of a 6-well plate were transfected with 50 nM siRNA/si-NC or miR-21 inhibitor/inhibitor-NC mixed in 2 ml Opti-MEM plus 10% FBS using Lipofectamine 2000. Subsequently, 24 h after transfection, the cells were prepared for the subsequent experiments.

qPCR reaction

qPCR was conducted based on the instruction of RealStar Green Fast Mixture (GenStar). Primers for qPCR are listed as follows: GAS5 forward, 5′-CCTGTGAGGTATGGTGCTGG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CTGTGTGCCAATGGCTTGAG-3′ (20); syntaxin binding protein 5-antisense RNA 1 (STXBP5-AS1) forward, 5′-AGGGACTTGCCTTGTCGCTGAT-3′ and reverse, 5′-GAGATTTAGGTGGGGACGCTGC-3′ (21); metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) forward, 5′-CATAACCCTGAGATTCTTACTAC-3′ and reverse, 5′-TTGTGGTTATAGCTTGACAAGCA-3′; X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) forward, 5′-CTAGCTAGCTTTTGTAGTGAGCTTGCTCCT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TGCTCTAGAATGTCTCCATCTCCATTTTGC-3′ (22); miR-21 forward, 5′-GCACtagcttatcagactga-3′; miR-23a forward, 5′-TCACatcacattgccagG-3′; miR-222 forward, 5′-GCACagctacatctggct-3′. The universal reverse primer for miRNA amplification was 5′-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′ (16). Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and U6 small nuclear RNA were used as the internal control. The primers for GAPDH were forward, 5′-TGTGGGCATCAATGGATTTGG-3′ and reverse, 5′-ACACCATGTATTCCGGGTCAAT-3′. The primers for U6 were forward, 5′-AAAGCAAATCATCGGACGACC-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTACAACACATTGTTTCCTCGGA-3′ (20). The PCR program consisted of 10 sec at 95°C followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 5 sec and 60°C for 35 sec, which was performed on an ABI 7500 qPCR instrument (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The relative expression of the aforementioned target gene was calculated based on the 2−ΔΔCq method (23).

Western blotting

RIPA buffer (KeyGen Biotech. Co., Ltd.) was used to collect total protein. Protein concentration was determined by BCA reagent (KeyGen Biotech). Spacer gel (5%) and 10% separation gel were prepared using an SDS-PAGE gel kit (Beijing, Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.). An equal amount of each protein (30 µg) was loaded to the gel and electrophoresis was performed on a Bio-Rad Mini-PROTEAN system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). Proteins were transferred to 0.45 µm PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore) using a semi-dry transfer system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). Membranes were blocked with 5% BSA at room temperature for 1 h and incubated with the following rabbit monoclonal primary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) at 4°C overnight: PTEN (1:1,000; product no. 9188), Akt (1:1,000; product no. 4691), p-Akt (1:1,000; Ser473; product no. 4060) and β-actin (1:3,000; product no. 4970). After membranes were incubated with an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1:3,000; cat. no. sc-2357; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) for 45 min at room temperature, blotting signals were visualized with ECL substrates (EMD Millipore). Densitometric analysis was conducted using Quantity One software (version 4.6; Bio-Rad Laboratories) and protein expression was normalized to endogenous β-actin.

Statistical analysis

All data were analyzed with the SPSS software 17.0 (SPSS, Inc.). Measurement data were expressed as the arithmetic mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance between two or more groups were compared using Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by an LSD or Dunnett's post hoc test. P<0.05 and P<0.01 were considered as statistically significant. All data were obtained from at least 3 independent experiments.

Results

Differential radiosensitivity between A549 and NCI-H460 cells

We used 2/4/6/8 Gy X-ray to irradiate A549 and NCI-460 cells and compared the response of these two cell lines. As revealed in Fig. 1, compared with the unirradiated group, the relative cell viability of A549 vs. NCI-H460 in 2/4/6/8 Gy IR groups were 87 vs. 75%, 77 vs. 42%, 68 vs. 33%, 29 vs. 18% (P<0.05), respectively. Notably, NCI-H460 cells were more radiosensitive than A549 cells, especially in the 4/6 Gy IR groups.

Figure 1. Differential radiosensitivity between A549 and NCI-H460 NSCLC cells. A549 and NCI-460 cells were irradiated with 2/4/6/8 Gy X-ray and the cell viability was analyzed by WST-1 at 12 h post-radiation. A549 cells had higher viability than NCI-H460 cells. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.

Screening of differentially expressed lncRNAs between A549 and NCI-460 cells after IR

Differentially expressed lncRNAs of the irradiated A549 and NCI-H460 cells were screened by RNA-Seq and analyzed. The following standards were set for the selection of lncRNA candidates: i) a FPKM fold-change (IR group/control group) of NCI-H460 cells >2; ii) a ratio of FPKM fold-change (FPKM fold-change of NCI-H460 cells/FPKM fold-change of A549 cells) >1.5; iii) having definite biological functions. Finally, four lncRNAs were identified: GAS5, STXBP5-AS1, MALAT1 and XIST. Their FPKM values are listed in Table I. The fold-change of each lncRNA and the ratios of fold-change between the two cell lines are presented and compared in Fig. 2.

Figure 2. Screening of differentially expressed lncRNAs by RNA-Seq. A549 and NCI-H460 cells were irradiated with 4 Gy X-ray, and the differentially expressed lncRNAs were screened by RNA-Seq. The lncRNAs with an FPKM fold-change in NCI-H460 cells >2 and a ratio of FPKM fold-change >1.5 were selected. Fold-change=FPKM of the IR group/FPKM of the control group. The ratio of the fold-change=FPKM fold-change of NCI-H460 cells/FPKM fold-change of A549 cells. FPKM, fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads.

Table I. FPKM values of lncRNA GAS5, STXBP5-AS1, MALAT1 and XIST.

Table I.

FPKM values of lncRNA GAS5, STXBP5-AS1, MALAT1 and XIST.

	FPKM (mean, n=3)			FPKM (mean, n=3)
Gene	NCI-H460 (CT)	NCI-H460 (IR)	Fold-change	A549 (CT)	A549 (IR)	Fold-change
GAS5	19.1	256.3	13.4	34.7	55.2	1.6
STXBP5-AS1	22.5	153.8	6.8	15.3	34.8	2.3
MALAT1	253.4	1023.3	4.0	410.1	706.5	1.7
XIST	54.4	114.5	2.1	41.1	52.1	1.3

[i] A549 and NCI-H460 cells were irradiated with 4 Gy X-ray. Total RNAs were extracted and RNA-Seq was performed. CT, 0 Gy group; IR, 4 Gy group. IR, ionizing radiation.

To verify the RNA-Seq result, the lncRNA levels in these two cell lines were assessed using qPCR at 8 h post-IR. The results revealed that lncRNA GAS5 had the most marked change and the qPCR result was in line with the RNA-Seq result (Fig. 3A). The level of lncRNA GAS5 was then monitored and it was revealed that the level of lncRNA GAS5 in NCI-H460 cells was significantly higher than in A549 cells at 4/8/12 h post-4 Gy-IR (Fig. 3B).

Figure 3. Verification of lncRNA expression using qPCR. After A549 and NCI-H460 cells were irradiated with 4/6 Gy X-ray, the levels of the four identified lncRNAs were assessed by qPCR and compared. (A) qPCR results. (B) Expression of lncRNA GAS5 at 4/8/12 h post-IR. *P<0.05, **P<0.01; NS, no significance. IR, ionizing radiation.

Overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 increases the radiosensitivity of A549 cells

To investigate the effect of lncRNA GAS5 on IR-induced apoptosis, a GAS5-expressing plasmid was constructed and transfected to A549 cells to observe whether it would enhance the radiosensitivity. Concurrently, the lncRNA GAS5 siRNA was transfected to NCI-H460 cells to observe whether it would weaken the radiosensitivity. Fig. 4A revealed that the transfection efficiency was satisfactory. The level of lncRNA GAS5 in A549 cells was significantly increased and in NCI-H460 cells it was significantly decreased. The viability of transfectants at 12 h post-4 Gy-IR was then analyzed and it was revealed that overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 significantly decreased the viability of A549 cells (Fig. 4B, left panel). However, interfering of lncRNA GAS5 did not affect the viability of NCI-H460 cells after IR (Fig. 4B, right panel). The apoptosis of A549 transfectants was next analyzed and it was revealed that overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 enhanced the IR-induced cell apoptosis (Fig. 4C).

Figure 4. Overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 increases the radiosensitivity of A549 cells. To clarify the correlation between lncRNA GAS5 and radiosensitivity, lncRNA GAS5-overexpressing A549 cells and lncRNA GAS5-knockdown NCI-H460 cells were generated. Cell survival and apoptosis were assessed after 4 Gy IR. (A) Overexpression and knockdown efficacy in cell transfectants were confirmed by qPCR. (B) Cell viability of the transfectants was determined by WST-1 assay. **P<0.01; NS, no significance. IR, ionizing radiation. Overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 increases the radiosensitivity of A549 cells. To clarify the correlation between lncRNA GAS5 and radiosensitivity, lncRNA GAS5-overexpressing A549 cells and lncRNA GAS5-knockdown NCI-H460 cells were generated. Cell survival and apoptosis were assessed after 4 Gy IR. (C) Cell apoptosis of the transfectants was determined by flow cytometry. **P<0.01; NS, no significance. IR, ionizing radiation.

lncRNA GAS5 suppresses miR-21 expression during IR

It has been reported that lncRNA may serve as a ‘sponge’ to absorb miRNAs and regulate miRNA expression (24). In the present experiment, three miRNAs that may interact with lncRNA GAS5 were selected: miR-21, miR-23a and miR-222 (16,25,26). According to the references, the binding sites of these three miRNAs on lncRNA GAS5 are revealed in Fig. 5A. The expression levels of these miRNAs at 8 h post-4 Gy-IR was assessed using qPCR and fit was revealed that only miR-222 was upregulated (Fig. 5B). The expression levels of these miRNAs in A549 transfectants was next assessed and it was revealed that lncRNA GAS5 significantly suppressed the level of miR-21 during IR (Fig. 5C, left panel). Although the level of miR-222 increased after IR, it was not affected by the overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 (Fig. 5C, right panel). Additionally, neither IR nor lncRNA GAS5 affected the level of miR-23a (Fig. 5C, middle panel).

Figure 5. Screening of miRNAs interacting with lncRNA GAS5. (A) Three predicted miRNAs and their binding sites on lncRNA GAS5. (B) After 4 Gy IR, the expression of miRNAs in A549 cells was assessed by qPCR. (C) The expression level of miRNAs in A549 transfectants. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01; NS, no significance. IR, ionizing radiation.

Inhibition of miR-21 increases the radiosensitivity of A549 cells

To clarify the role of miR-21 in lncRNA GAS5-induced cell apoptosis during IR, miR-21 expression was suppressed using a miR-21 inhibitor. Fig. 6A reveals that the transfection efficiency of the miR-21 inhibitor was confirmed to be successful and the endogenous miR-21 expression was significantly decreased. It was also revealed that suppression of miR-21 significantly decreased the viability and increased the IR-induced cell apoptosis rate (Fig. 6B and C) of A549 cells.

Figure 6. Suppression of miR-21 increases the radiosensitivity of A549 cells. To clarify the role of miR-21 in lncRNA GAS5-induced cell apoptosis, an inhibitor was used to suppress the level of miR-21, and cell survival and apoptosis were assessed after 4 Gy radiation. (A) The level of miR-21 in A549 transfectants was assessed by qPCR. (B) After 4 Gy radiation, the cell survival of the transfectants was determined by WST-1 assay. (C) After 4 Gy radiation, cell apoptosis of the transfectants was determined by flow cytometry. **P<0.01; NS, no significance.

lncRNA GAS5 regulates the radiosensitivity of A549 cells through the miR-21/PTEN/Akt axis

PTEN is one of the most important target proteins of miR-21, and the miR-21/PTEN/Akt axis has been revealed to play a crucial role in various cellular activities (27–30). In this experiment, the activation of the PTEN/Akt pathway was also assessed in our experimental model. In Fig. 7, western blot results revealed that overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 and suppression of miR-21 upregulated the expression level of PTEN but did not affect the phosphorylation of Akt in A549 cells. However, 4 Gy-IR significantly stimulated the expression of PTEN and suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt. Notably, overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 and inhibition of miR-21 exacerbated the IR-induced upregulation of PTEN and the phosphorylation of Akt in A549 cells. These data indicated that lncRNA GAS5 may function as a radiosensitizer through the regulation of the miR-21/PTEN/Akt axis.

Figure 7. Overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 and suppression of miR-21 upregulate PTEN and activate the Akt pathway during IR. (A) Western blot results revealed that IR stimulated PTEN expression and suppressed Akt phosphorylation in A549 cells. Notably, overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 increased this effect. (B) Suppression of miR-21 generated a similar effect as the overexpression of lncRNA GAS5. Upper panel: Western blot bands; lower panels: Histograms, comparison of the relative band density. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. IR, ionizing radiation.

Discussion

LncRNA GAS5 was originally identified from a serum starvation-induced cell growth arrest model (31). It was revealed to accumulate in cells and sensitize cells to apoptosis by suppressing the glucocorticoid-mediated induction of several responsive genes (32). In recent studies, lncRNA GAS5 has been revealed to be implicated in tumorigenesis and tumor development in a variety of cancers (33–36). However, the role of lncRNA GAS5 in NSCLC radiotherapy is still not fully investigated.

In the present study, it was revealed that NSCLC NCI-H460 cells were more prone to apoptosis than A549 cells during IR. The correlation between radiosensitivity and the unique lncRNAs was investigated. Using RNA-Seq, it was demonstrated that in NCI-H460 cells four well-characterized lncRNAs, GAS5, STXBP5-AS1, MALAT1 and XIST, were significantly upregulated after IR, among which lncRNA GAS5 was the most differentially expressed. It was also demonstrated that overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 could enhance apoptosis of A549 cells. However, knockdown of lncRNA GAS5 did not affect the radiosensitivity of NCI-H460 cells. These data indicated that lncRNA GAS5 was sufficient but not necessary for the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells.

One important way that lncRNAs exert their regulatory function is to serve as competing endogenous RNAs to negatively regulate the biological activity of miRNAs. A number of studies have reported the interaction between lncRNAs and miRNAs in various physiological and pathological processes. For example, Lai et al demonstrated that downregulation of lncRNA CCAT1 improved the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells by negatively regulating miR-148b (11). Wu et al demonstrated that knockdown of lncRNA PVT1 improved the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells by directly interacting with miR-195 (12). In the present study, the expression of three miRNAs that may be targets of lncRNA GAS5 were assessed and it was demonstrated that only miR-21 was affected by lncRNA GAS5 inirradiated A549 cells. The direct interaction between lncRNA GAS5 and miR-21 has been revealed by several research groups using a luciferase assay (37,38). The present results indicated that although overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 could downregulate the level of miR-21 under normal conditions, this suppressive effect was markedly increased during IR. These data indicated that the interaction between lncRNA GAS5 and miR-21 may be an IR-specific response.

PTEN, a tumor suppressor, plays a critical role in ceRNA networks (39). PTEN mRNA is the competing target of many miRNAs, e.g. miR-624-3p, miR-130a, and miR-21 (40–42). There are several potential binding sites of miR-21 on the PTEN 3′UTR, such as GAUAAG and UCUG*UG*GCUA (43,44). PTEN is an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (45), and the PTEN/Akt axis is a pivotal regulatory pathway in IR-induced cell apoptosis. He et al demonstrated that overexpression of circVRK1 could reverse the radioresistance of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells by regulating the miR-624-3p/PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (40). Wang et al reported that miR-29a regulated the radiosensitivity of human intestinal cells by activating the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (46). The present study indicated that overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 or suppression of miR-21 could increase the level of PTEN and decrease the phosphorylation of Akt, especially during the IR process. This indicated that lncRNA GAS5 enhanced the radiosensitivity of A549 cells by regulating the miR-21/PTEN/Akt pathway.

In conclusion, the present study revealed that lncRNA GAS5 was associated with the distinct radiosensitivity of NSCLC. Overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 could increase the IR-induced cell apoptosis of A549 cells. Therefore, lncRNA GAS5 has a great potential of being used as a radiosensitizer or a radiosensitivity indicator in clinic radiotherapy. However, to draw a more solid conclusion, additional cell lines, in vivo animal experiments and clinical investigation should be carried out in future work.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The present study was supported by grants from the Health Special Fund from Jilin Province Department of Finance no. 2018SCZWSZX-048 to XS), the Jilin International Collaboration Grant no. 20180414065GH to DY) and the Norman Bethune Program of Jilin University (Bethune plan to DY).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

XS and BG contributed to the conception and design of the study. XS and DY drafted the study. LC, PR and YZ contributed to the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data. DY also revised this study critically for important intellectual content. All the authors have read and approve the final article to be submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the research in ensuring that the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References