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Introduction

Liver cancer was the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide in 2018, with ~841,000 new cases and 782,000 deaths annually (1). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer, accounting for 75–85% of all cases (2). Despite substantial improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, the overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates of HCC remain comparatively low, mainly because HCC is a highly heterogeneous malignancy (3,4). Furthermore, no effective prognostic biomarkers have yet been described for HCC. Such biomarkers might help to guide individual treatment and improve the prediction of prognosis.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, are non-coding transcripts >200 nucleotides in length (5). Studies suggest that lncRNAs serve crucial roles in the occurrence and progression of malignant tumors (6–8). For example, one study found that lncRNA-KRTAP5-AS1 and lncRNA-TUBB2A acted as competing endogenous RNAs to influence the function of claudin-4 and thereby affect the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (9). Specifically, in the case of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC, lncRNA HULC can activate HBV by modulating STAT3-related signaling (10). Another study showed that lncRNAlnc-EGFR stimulated the differentiation of T-regulatory cells, thus promoting HCC immune evasion (11).

Hepatofibrosis is a type of liver tissue scar reaction involved in chronic liver injury, which can progress to cirrhosis and HCC. Numerous studies have suggested that hepatofibrosis is an important risk factor in HCC (12–14). The recurrence rates and OS of HCC patients are lower in the presence of no or minimal fibrosis (15–17). Therefore, the present study aimed to examine whether lncRNAs may be useful in predicting the survival of HCC patients with or without fibrosis. This possibility was tested using lncRNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Material and methods

Selection of patients with HCC

Expression profiles for lncRNAs and mRNAs, as well as the corresponding clinical information for patients with HCC, were downloaded from TCGA (version 09-14-2017 for HCC) via UCSC Xena (https://xenabrowser.net/datapages/). Patients were included in the present study if i) their HCC was confirmed histologically, ii) complete RNA-Seq data for lncRNAs and mRNAs were available, iii) data on presence or absence of fibrosis were available and iv) survival outcomes were known. Based on the Ishak fibrosis score (18), patients in the TCGA were assigned as having no fibrosis, portal fibrosis, fibrous septum, nodular formation and incomplete cirrhosis, or established cirrhosis. In the present study, patients with ‘no fibrosis’ were referred to as ‘without fibrosis’, while all others were referred to as ‘with fibrosis’. Finally, 135 HCC patients with fibrosis and 72 without fibrosis were included in the study (Table I). This study complies with TCGA publication guidelines (https://cancergenome.nih.gov/publications/publicationguidelines). Since the data were obtained from TCGA, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital Ethics Committee waived the need for approval.

Table I. Clinicopathological characteristics of 207 hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without fibrosis.

Table I.

Clinicopathological characteristics of 207 hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without fibrosis.

Clinicopathological characteristics	N (%)
Fibrosis
With fibrosis	135 (65.22)
Without fibrosis	72 (34.78)
Sex
Female	66 (31.88)
Male	141 (68.12)
Age (years)
≤60	96 (46.38)
>60	111 (53.62)
Ethnicity
Nonasian	121 (58.45)
Asian	80 (38.65)
Not reported	6 (2.90)
BMI
<25	94 (45.41)
≥25	103 (49.76)
Not reported	10 (4.83)
AFP (ng/ml)
≤20	109 (52.66)
>20	76 (36.71)
Not reported	22 (10.63)
Alcohol consumption
No	148 (71.50)
Yes	50 (24.15)
Not reported	9 (4.35)
Hepatitis B or C
No	94 (45.41)
Yes	104 (50.24)
Not reported	9 (4.35)
Histology grade
G1-2	133 (64.25)
G3-4	72 (34.78)
Not reported	2 (0.97)
Pathologic stage
Stage I+II	155 (74.88)
Stage III+IV	41 (19.81)
Not reported	11 (5.31)
New tumor event
No	97 (46.86)
Yes	101 (48.79)
Not reported	9 (4.35)
Cancer status
Tumor free	116 (56.04)
With tumor	84 (40.58)
Not reported	7 (3.38)
Residual tumor
R0	192 (92.75)
Non-R0	13 (6.28)
Not reported	2 (0.97)
Vascular invasion
Negative	138 (66.67)
Positive	60 (28.98)
Not reported	9 (4.35)
Family cancer history
No	111 (53.62)
Yes	68 (32.85)
Not reported	28 (13.53)

[i] BMI, body mass index; AFP, α-fetoprotein.

Expression profile of lncRNAs in HCC

First, lncRNAs with expression levels of 0 in >50% of patients were removed, then the remaining lncRNAs were analyzed using the edgeR algorithm within R software (version 3.4.4; www.r-project.org) (19) in order to identify lncRNAs differentially expressed (DElncRNAs) between HCC patients with or without fibrosis. DElncRNAs were defined as those showing |log2fold change (logFC)|>1 with a false discovery rate (FDR)<0.05. Cluster heat maps and volcano maps were generated using gplots and heatmap packages in R software.

Construction of lncRNA expression-based risk scoring systems and prognostic assessment

A univariate Cox model was employed to identify the relationships of DElncRNAs with OS or RFS. In this analysis, lncRNAs in relationships associated with P<0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was subsequently used to assess the contribution of a lncRNA and to select the best model via a backward stepwise method. A risk scoring system was constructed based on a linear combination of the lncRNA expression level and a multiplied regression coefficient (β): Risk score = (β1 × expression level of lncRNA1) + (β2 × expression level of lncRNA2) + (β3 × expression level of lncRNA3) + (β4 × expression level of …).

This formula was used to calculate the risk score of each patient with HCC. Prognostic performance was assessed based on the sensitivity and specificity of time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves within 3 years. Based on the cut-off of the median risk score, patients with HCC were divided into high- or low-risk groups, as shown by a non-cluster heat map. Kaplan-Meier survival curves predicted to be low or high risk were created for patients with or without fibrosis. All analyses were conducted using R/Bioconductor.

Prognostic significance of the risk scoring system

To confirm the prognostic significance of the risk scoring systems after adjusting for other clinical variables, uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. If the results of these analyses were not significant, stratified analyses were performed to identify potential impact factors using the Chi-square test. All these analyses were carried out using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, Inc.). All reported P-values were two-sided, and P<0.05 was defined as significant. Hepatitis B and C were considered together to avoid too many groups influencing the results of the uni- and multivariate analysis.

Co-expression and functional analysis of mRNAs related to lncRNAs in the risk scoring systems

To identify pairs of co-expressed lncRNA and mRNA, Pearson correlation coefficients and the P-value of the z-test were calculated based on the expression value between prognostic lncRNAs in the risk scoring systems and mRNAs in the dataset of 207 patients with HCC. Protein-coding mRNAs showing a |Pearson correlation coefficient|>0.30 and P<0.01 with a given lncRNA were considered to be highly related to that lncRNA. These mRNAs were subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis using the clusterProfiler package in R (20). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference in the enrichment analyses.

Results

DElncRNAs associated with fibrosis in HCC

The present study investigated the expression levels of RNAs in 135 HCC patients with fibrosis and 72 HCC patients without fibrosis. A total of 142 DElncRNAs were identified, including 41 (28.87%) that were upregulated and 101 (71.13%) that were downregulated. The first 20 up- and downregulated lncRNAs, and their corresponding logFC, P-value and FDR values, sorted by P-value, are shown in Table II. The distribution of all DElncRNAs according to the two dimensions of -log10 (FDR) and logFC is shown as a volcano map in Fig. 1. The specificity of DElncRNAs was evaluated using a heat map as shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 1. Volcano map of differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without fibrosis. Red spots represent upregulated genes; green spots, downregulated genes. FDR, false discovery rate; logFC, log fold change.

Figure 2. Heat map based on differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without fibrosis. Red indicates upregulated long non-coding RNAs and green indicates downregulated ones.

Table II. Differentially expressed lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without fibrosis.

Table II.

Differentially expressed lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without fibrosis.

A, Top 20 upregulated lncRNAs
lncRNA	logFC	P-value	FDR
AP000439.3	5.4751654	4.24×10−13	3.03×10−10
LINC01819	5.0170809	1.22×10−12	7.60×10−10
MEG9	2.5802684	2.10×10−8	4.78×10−6
FAM30A	1.9258543	3.12×10−7	5.24×10−5
AC245100.6	2.6549937	3.52×10−7	5.58×10−5
LINC02273	1.2146603	1.68×10−6	2.34×10−4
AC104971.4	2.4240637	2.42×10−6	3.21×10−4
HOXA-AS3	1.7517143	5.23×10−6	5.85×10−4
TRBV11-2	1.5240872	9.87×10−6	9.70×10−4
NRIR	1.1734476	1.15×10−5	1.09×10−3
AC004687.1	1.0076407	3.72×10−5	2.33×10−3
LINC01857	1.0254128	3.98×10−5	2.44×10−3
AC243829.1	1.0263797	4.79×10−5	2.79×10−3
LINC00487	1.3755637	5.39×10−5	3.01×10−3
LINC01215	1.0637294	1.15×10−4	5.57×10−3
MEG3	1.4208994	1.21×10−4	5.71×10−3
LINC01549	1.5173721	1.30×10−4	5.94×10−3
AC004585.1	1.0120319	1.45×10−4	6.32×10−3
LINC01269	1.595745	1.50×10−4	6.44×10−3
Z99755.3	1.318727	1.85×10−4	7.37×10−3
B, Top 20 downregulated lncRNAs
lncRNA	logFC	P-value	FDR
AC139749.1	−4.63412	1.19×10−27	6.80×10−24
AC069431.1	−2.66384	7.24×10−19	2.07×10−15
AC007099.1	−4.01939	2.56×10−18	4.87×10−15
AC022167.4	−2.49441	5.22×10−17	7.45×10−14
LINC02334	−3.13188	8.87×10−15	1.01×10−11
LINC01970	−1.80509	1.39×10−13	1.33×10−10
AL359853.1	−2.81772	1.83×10−13	1.49×10−10
AL445493.2	−2.5131	1.33×10−12	7.60×10−10
AL158839.1	−2.44346	1.52×10−12	7.86×10−10
AC010457.1	−2.44059	9.53×10−12	4.53×10−9
TH2LCRR	−1.77579	3.01×10−11	1.32×10−8
CCDC13-AS1	−1.75267	7.28×10−11	2.96×10−8
PLCE1-AS1	−2.39471	1.72×10−10	6.53×10−8
LINC01686	−1.62237	1.84×10−10	6.57×10−8
HHATL-AS1	−2.11296	9.54×10−10	3.20×10−7
AC092159.2	−1.52149	1.44×10−9	4.56×10−7
AL645608.1	−1.72757	4.16×10−9	1.25×10−6
BX640514.2	−2.39457	4.87×10−9	1.39×10−6
AC021744.1	−2.20589	9.84×10−9	2.67×10−6
AC104031.1	−1.82197	1.12×10−8	2.91×10−6

[i] lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; logFC, log₂fold change; FDR, false discovery rate.

Using DElncRNAs to predict the OS of HCC patients with fibrosis

Univariate Cox analysis was conducted to explore the associations between DElncRNAs and OS in HCC patients with fibrosis. Seven lncRNAs exhibited a significant association with OS: AC012640.3, CU638689.4, AL772337.1, AL359853.1, HOXA-AS3, AL022724.1 and Z93930.3. Multivariate Cox regression confirmed five of these lncRNAs (AL359853.1, Z93930.3, HOXA-AS3, AL772337.1 and AC012640.3) to be independent predictors of OS (Table III). The final risk scoring system was as follows:

Table III. Five lncRNAs associated with the overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis in the best statistical model.

Table III.

Five lncRNAs associated with the overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis in the best statistical model.

lncRNA	β	HR	z	P-value
AL359853.1	0.2751	1.3167	1.66	0.09761
Z93930.3	0.5679	1.7646	2.61	0.00913
HOXA-AS3	0.1861	1.2045	1.92	0.05485
AL772337.1	0.2186	1.2444	2.81	0.00499
AC012640.3	0.4639	1.5902	3.65	0.00026

[i] lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; HR, hazard ratio.

Risk score = (0.2751 × AL359853.1) + (0.5679 × Z93930.3) + (0.1861 × HOXA-AS3) + (0.2186 × AL772337.1) + (0.4639 × AC012640.3).

In this prognostic formula, higher expression levels of the five lncRNAs were associated with higher risk of death (β>0).

Based on the risk scores for OS, HCC patients with fibrosis were divided into high- or low-risk groups using the median score as a cut-off (Fig. 3A), and Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated for the two groups Fig. 4A. Patients with a high-risk score showed poorer OS than patients with a low-risk score at 3 years (65.4 vs. 86.1%) and 5 years (28.6 vs. 79.9%). The area under the ROC curve for the risk scores was 0.732 (Fig. 5A).

Figure 3. Non-cluster risk heat map of risk scoring systems based on long non-coding RNA expression for (A) overall survival or (B) in recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis. Risk rises gradually from left to right.

Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for (A) OS or (B) RFS of HCC patients with fibrosis, and (C) OS or (D) RFS of HCC patients without fibrosis. Patients were stratified using the median risk score as the cut-off. OS, overall survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 5. ROC curves describing the ability of long non-coding RNA-based risk scoring systems to predict (A) OS or (B) RFS of HCC patients with fibrosis, and (C) OS or (D) RFS of HCC patients without fibrosis. OS, overall survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the curve.

Using DElncRNAs to predict the RFS of HCC patients with fibrosis

Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses were also performed between the DElncRNAs and RFS of HCC patients with fibrosis. Univariate analysis identified 27 lncRNAs that were significantly associated with RFS: LINC01857, AC090152.1, LINC02407, LINC01970, TRBV11-2, CU638689.4, C20orf166-AS1, AC027348.1, Z93930.3, MEG3, LINC02273, HHIP-AS1, AC004585.1, FZD10-AS1, LINC01215, LINC00239, AP000808.1, PLCE1-AS1, Z99755.3, AL357060.1, AC005083.1, MEG9, LINC00473, AC004687.1, AL359853.1, LINC02195 and LINC01842. Multivariate analysis confirmed the following 12 as independent prognostic indicators of RFS: PLCE1-AS1, Z93930.3, LINC02273, TRBV11-2, HHIP-AS1, AC004687.1, LINC01857, AC004585.1, AP000808.1, CU638689.4, AC090152.1 and AL357060.1 (Table IV). The risk scoring system was as follows:

Table IV. Twelve lncRNAs associated with the recurrence-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis in the best statistical model.

Table IV.

Twelve lncRNAs associated with the recurrence-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis in the best statistical model.

lncRNA	β	HR	z	P-value
PLCE1-AS1	−0.4792	0.6193	−2.76	0.00587
Z93930.3	0.4315	1.5396	2.53	0.01131
LINC02273	0.4505	1.5690	2.19	0.02819
TRBV11-2	−0.2680	0.7649	−1.94	0.05275
HHIP-AS1	−0.1816	0.8339	−1.49	0.13637
AC004687.1	−0.2211	0.8016	−1.66	0.09697
LINC01857	−0.3274	0.7208	−2.08	0.03709
AC004585.1	0.2398	1.2709	1.62	0.10467
AP000808.1	−0.1150	0.8914	−1.97	0.04861
CU638689.4	−0.2929	0.7461	−3.40	0.00066
AC090152.1	−0.2303	0.7943	−2.48	0.01317
AL357060.1	−0.1530	0.8581	−2.01	0.04431

[i] lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; HR, hazard ratio.

Risk score = (−0.4792 × PLCE1-AS1) + (0.4315 × Z93930.3) + (0.4505 × LINC02273) + (−0.2680 × TRBV11-2) + (−0.1816 × HHIP-AS1) + (−0.2211 × AC004687.1) + (−0.3274 × LINC01857) + (0.2398 × AC004585.1) + (−0.1150 × AP000808.1) + (−0.2929 × CU638689.4) + (−0.2303 × AC090152.1) + (−0.1530 × AL357060.1).

In this formula, higher expression of Z93930.3, LINC02273 and AC004585.1 was associated with higher risk of recurrence (β>0), while higher expression of the other lncRNAs was associated with improved RFS (β<0).

HCC patients with fibrosis were stratified into high- or low-risk groups using the median risk score as a cut-off (Fig. 3B), and Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated for both groups (Fig. 4B). Patients with a high-risk score had poorer RFS than patients with a low-risk score at 3 years (12.59 vs. 75.20%) and 5 years (0.00 vs. 59.60%). The area under the ROC curve was 0.902 (Fig. 5B).

Using DElncRNAs to predict the OS of HCC patients without fibrosis

Univariate analysis showed 27 lncRNAs to be significantly associated with OS in HCC patients without fibrosis: FAM27C, AC007099.1, AC005858.1, LINC00239, AC010280.2, LINC02323, AC011383.1, NRIR, AC104971.4, AC004160.1, AL139385.1, AP001271.1, AC237221.1, AC079834.2, AC093583.1, AL049870.3, AP006285.2, AC098869.2, AC004160.2, AL445931.1, AC239803.4, AC009065.2, LINC01269, AP006285.1, HAGLR, HOXA-AS3 and LINC01929. Multivariate analysis confirmed seven of these as independent predictors of OS: LINC00239, AC104971.4, AP006285.2, HOXA-AS3, AC079834.2, NRIR and LINC01929 (Table V). The risk scoring system was as follows:

Table V. Seven lncRNAs associated with the overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis in the best statistical model.

Table V.

Seven lncRNAs associated with the overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis in the best statistical model.

lncRNA	β	HR	z	P-value
LINC00239	0.280	1.324	2.62	0.0088
AC104971.4	0.774	2.169	4.09	4.2×10−5
AP006285.2	−0.266	0.766	−2.06	0.0395
HOXA-AS3	0.362	1.437	1.86	0.0633
AC079834.2	−0.586	0.557	−2.64	0.0083
NRIR	−0.514	0.598	−2.95	0.0032
LINC01929	−0.358	0.699	−1.89	0.0585

[i] lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; HR, hazard ratio.

Risk score = (0.280 × LINC00239) + (0.774 × AC104971.4) + (−0.266 × AP006285.2) + (0.362 × HOXA-AS3) + (−0.586 × AC079834.2) + (−0.514 × NRIR) + (−0.358 × LINC01929).

In the formula, lower expression of LINC00239, AC104971.4 and HOXA-AS3 was associated with worse OS (β>0), while higher expression of the remaining lncRNAs was associated with improved OS (β<0).

Patients were stratified into low- or high-risk groups using the median risk score groups (Fig. 6A), and Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated (Fig. 4C). The high-risk group had a poorer OS than the low-risk group at 3 years (33.10 vs. 93.10%) and 5 years (13.20 vs. 88.70%). The area under the ROC curves was 0.963 (Fig. 5C).

Figure 6. Non-cluster risk heat map of the risk scoring systems based on long non-coding RNA expression for (A) overall survival or (B) recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis. Risk rises gradually from left to right.

Using DElncRNAs to predict the RFS of HCC patients without fibrosis

Univariate analysis showed six lncRNAs (NRIR, AC005858.1, LINC00487, AC107398.3, AC021744.1 and BX640514.2) to have a significant association with the RFS of HCC patients without fibrosis. Multivariate analysis found five lncRNAs to be independent prognostic indicators of RFS: AC021744.1, NRIR, LINC00487, AC005858.1 and AC107398.3 (Table VI). The risk scoring system was as follows:

Table VI. Five lncRNAs associated with the recurrence-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis in the best statistical model.

Table VI.

Five lncRNAs associated with the recurrence-free survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis in the best statistical model.

lncRNA	β	HR	z	P-value
AC021744.1	0.1430	1.1537	1.95	0.0514
NRIR	−0.4181	0.6583	−2.14	0.0324
LINC00487	−0.5324	0.5872	−2.10	0.0361
AC005858.1	0.2145	1.2392	2.71	0.0068
AC107398.3	0.2217	1.2482	2.03	0.0421

[i] lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; HR, hazard ratio.

Risk score = (0.1430 × AC021744.1) + (−0.4181 × NRIR) + (−0.5324 × LINC00487) + (0.2145 × AC005858.1) + (0.2217 × AC107398.3).

Higher expression of AC021744.1, AC005858.1 and AC107398.3 was associated with higher risk of recurrence (β>0), while higher expression of the other lncRNAs was associated with improved RFS (β<0).

Patients were stratified into high- or low-risk groups using the median risk score as cut-off (Fig. 6B), and Kaplan-Meier curves showed that high-risk patients had poorer RFS than low-risk patients at 3 years (14.6 vs. 71.0%) and 5 years (14.6 vs. 55.3%; Fig. 4D). The area under the ROC curves was 0.90 (Fig. 5D).

Prognostic significance of the risk scoring system after adjustment for other clinical characteristics

Each of the four risk scoring systems was validated after adjusting for other clinical characteristics that can influence survival. First, univariate Cox regression analysis was conducted between clinical features and OS for HCC patients with fibrosis. The risk scoring system, age, body mass index (BMI) and ethnicity were significantly associated with OS. The following characteristics were not associated with OS: α-fetoprotein (AFP), sex, hepatitis, alcohol consumption, histology grade, new tumor event, pathologic stage, cancer status, family cancer history, residual tumor and vascular invasion. Subsequently, multivariate Cox regression was performed using the covariates that were significant in the univariate analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) of the risk scoring system was 3.92 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–11.66] in the univariate Cox regression, and 2.65 (95% CI 1.12–6.26) in the multivariate Cox regression after adjusting for the other clinical covariates. These results confirm that the risk scoring system is a significant independent predictor of OS for HCC patients with fibrosis. Multivariate Cox regression identified another two independent predictors: BMI (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.16–0.88) and ethnicity (HR 0.20, 95% CI 0.08–0.51) (Table VII).

Table VII. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis.

Table VII.

Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis.

	Univariate Cox regression				Multivariate Cox regression
Variables	P-value	HR	95% CI		P-value	HR	95% CI
Risk score (high/low)	0.01	3.92	1.32	11.66	0.03	2.65	1.12	6.26
Age (>60/≤60 years)	0.01	3.41	1.31	8.89
BMI	0.01
<25			Ref.				Ref.
≥25		0.26	0.07	0.89	0.02	0.38	0.16	0.88
Not reported		1.71	0.25	11.75	0.51	1.41	0.51	3.88
Ethnicity	0.01
Non-Asian			Ref.				Ref.
Asian		0.16	0.05	0.51	<0.01	0.20	0.08	0.51
AFP (ng/ml)	0.64
≤20			Ref.
>20		0.99	0.33	2.99
Not reported		0.32	0.03	3.69
Sex (male/female)	0.87	0.90	0.26	3.11
Hepatitis B or C	0.44
No			Ref.
Yes		1.90	0.58	6.24
Not reported		0.30	0.01	11.80
Alcohol consumption (yes/no)	0.45	0.61	0.17	2.20
Histology grade	0.26
G1-2			Ref.
G3-4		2.11	0.86	5.17
New tumor event	0.46
No			Ref.
Yes		0.76	0.18	3.15
Not reported		3.88	0.20	73.85
Pathologic stage	0.37
Stage I+II			Ref.
Stage III+IV		0.39	0.11	1.46
Not reported		0.84	0.08	8.49
Cancer status	0.14
Tumor free			Ref.
With tumor		3.04	0.84	10.98
Not reported		7.77	0.26	236.32
Family cancer history	0.45
No			Ref.
Yes		2.06	0.64	6.56
Not reported		1.05	0.18	5.96
Residual tumor	0.67
R0			Ref.
Non-R0		2.39	0.35	16.25
Vascular invasion	0.16
Negative			Ref.
Positive		2.48	0.92	6.68
Not reported		2.39	0.53	10.73

[i] BMI, body mass index; AFP, α-fetoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference.

Second, univariate Cox regression analysis was conducted between the clinical features and RFS of patients with HCC and fibrosis. None of the clinical covariates, with the exception of cancer status, were associated with RFS (Table VIII). Stratified analyses were conducted to identify factors affecting the risk scoring system. These factors included age, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, new tumor event, pathology stage and cancer status (P<0.05; Table IX).

Table VIII. Univariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis.

Table VIII.

Univariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis.

	Univariate Cox regression
Variables	P-value	HR	95% CI
Risk score (high/low)	0.15	2.25	0.75	6.81
Age (>60/≤60 years)	0.17	0.58	0.26	1.27
BMI	0.08
<25
≥25		0.30	0.10	0.87
Not reported		0.17	0.01	2.66
Ethnicity	0.87
Non-Asian
Asian		0.76	0.27	2.15
AFP (ng/ml)	0.38
≤20
>20		1.52	0.65	3.55
Not reported		2.94	0.52	16.58
Sex (male/female)	0.33	0.56	0.17	1.80
Hepatitis B or C	0.37
No
Yes		0.78	0.20	3.07
Not reported		0.28	0.04	2.10
Alcohol consumption (yes/no)	0.36	1.84	0.51	6.65
Histology grade	0.30
G1-2
G3-4		0.75	0.30	1.86
Not reported		12.31	0.41	371.37
New tumor event (yes/no)	0.84	3.51×105	0.00	2.15×1059
Pathologic stage	0.55
Stage I+II
Stage III+IV		1.63	0.50	5.30
Not reported		0.50	0.04	6.68
Cancer status	<0.05
Tumor free
With tumor		3.82	1.32	11.07
Not reported		4.60	0.00	.
Family cancer history	0.36
No
Yes		0.56	0.19	1.66
Not reported		0.41	0.12	1.50
Residual tumor	0.85
R0
Non-R0		1.70	0.26	11.08
Not reported		1.39	0.08	23.58
Vascular invasion	0.26
Negative
Positive		2.08	0.75	5.77
Not reported		0.94	0.14	6.18

[i] BMI, body mass index; AFP, α-fetoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table IX. Stratified analyses to explore factors influencing the relationship between the risk scoring system and recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis.

Table IX.

Stratified analyses to explore factors influencing the relationship between the risk scoring system and recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with fibrosis.

	Risk score
Variables	Low-risk (n)	High-risk (n)	P-value
Age (years)			<0.01
≤60	40	23
>60	20	36
BMI			0.19
<25	32	23
≥25	27	32
Ethnicity			0.01
Non-Asian	20	34
Asian	38	25
AFP (ng/ml)			0.33
≤20	31	36
>20	24	19
Sex			0.54
Female	15	12
Male	45	47
Hepatitis B or C			0.08
No	12	20
Yes	47	37
Alcohol consumption			0.03
No	47	35
Yes	12	22
Histology grade			0.20
G1-2	42	34
G3-4	18	24
New tumor event			<0.01
No	45	19
Yes	15	40
Pathologic stage			0.03
Stage I+II	52	42
Stage III+IV	5	13
Cancer status			<0.01
Tumor free	48	23
With tumor	11	36
Family cancer history			0.78
No	37	35
Yes	15	16
Residual tumor			0.13
R0	58	52
Non-R0	2	6
Vascular invasion			0.65
Negative	41	36
Positive	17	18

[i] Data are based on the Chi-square test. BMI, body mass index; AFP, α-fetoprotein.

Third, univariate Cox regression analysis was conducted between the clinical features and OS of HCC patients without fibrosis. The risk scoring system, BMI, new tumor event and pathology stage were significantly associated with the OS of HCC patients without fibrosis. Multivariate analysis of these covariates identified the risk scoring system (HR 23.15, 95% CI 5.65–94.91) and pathology stage (HR 3.82, 95% CI 1.42–10.25) as significant independent predictors of OS (Table X).

Table X. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis.

Table X.

Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis.

	Univariate Cox regression				Multivariate Cox regression
Variables	P-value	HR	95.0% CI		P-value	HR	95.0% CI
Risk score (high/low)	<0.01	56.17	8.42	374.46	<0.01	23.15	5.65	94.91
Age (>60/≤60 years)	0.37	0.45	0.08	2.62
BMI	0.01
<25			Ref.				Ref.
≥25		2.33	0.42	12.98	0.99	1.00	0.41	2.44
Not reported		46.08	3.34	635.97	0.03	8.16	1.29	51.68
Ethnicity	0.10
Non-Asian			Ref.
Asian		49.26	0.68	3,591.00
Not reported		0.20	0.00	16.50
AFP (ng/ml)	0.51
≤20			Ref.
>20		0.88	0.15	5.21
Not reported		1.92	0.47	7.87
Sex (male/female)	0.37	0.48	0.10	2.40
Hepatitis B or C	0.66
No			Ref.
Yes		3.81	0.21	68.88
Not reported		0.01	0.00	4.95×1080
Alcohol consumption (yes/no)	0.06	6.99	0.90	54.44
Histology grade	0.12
G1-2			Ref.
G3-4		2.29	0.50	10.51
Not reported		0.00	0.00	1.44
New tumor event	<0.01
No			Ref.				Ref.
Yes		0	0	5.76×1083	0.90	1.07	0.38	3.05
Not reported		1,014.00	18.59	55,300.00	<0.01	8.53	2.46	29.63
Pathologic stage	<0.01
Stage I+II			Ref.				Ref.
Stage III+IV		2.19	0.51	9.47	0.01	3.82	1.42	10.25
Not reported		1,093.00	17.61	67,880.00	0.15	3.37	0.65	17.56
Cancer status	0.13
Tumor free			Ref.
With tumor		131,600.00	0.00	3.82×1092
Not reported		0.00	0.00	0.80
Family cancer history	0.30
No			Ref.
Yes		4.90	0.67	36.05
Not reported		2.08	0.14	31.22
Residual tumor	0.84
R0			Ref.
Non-R0		0.13	0.00	113.04
Vascular invasion	0.08
Negative			Ref.
Positive		6.24	0.80	48.34

[i] BMI, body mass index; AFP, α-fetoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference.

Finally, univariate Cox regression analysis was conducted between the clinical features and RFS of HCC patients without fibrosis. The risk scoring system, age, BMI and pathology stage exhibited a significant association with RFS. The remaining factors did not: Ethnicity, AFP, sex, hepatitis, alcohol consumption, histology grade, new tumor event, cancer status, family cancer history, residual tumor and vascular invasion. Multivariate analysis identified the risk scoring system (HR 6.42, 95% CI 2.62–15.70) and age (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.16–0.80) as significant independent predictors of RFS (Table XI).

Table XI. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis.

Table XI.

Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients without fibrosis.

	Univariate Cox regression				Multivariate Cox regression
Variables	P-value	HR	95% CI		P-value	HR	95% CI
Risk score (high/low)	0.01	11.52	1.70	78.15	<0.01	6.42	2.62	15.70
Age (>60/≤60 years)	0.01	0.06	0.01	0.56	0.01	0.36	0.16	0.80
BMI	0.01
<25			Ref.
≥25		1.53	0.31	7.48
Not reported		221.65	6.47	7,597.00
Ethnicity	0.69
Non-Asian			Ref.
Asian		1.54	0.00	7.83×1051
Not reported		6.48	0.09	471.12
AFP (ng/ml)	0.34
≤20			Ref.
>20		2.41	0.37	15.84
Not reported		12.05	0.35	415.85
Sex (male/female)	0.12	0.11	0.01	1.70
Hepatitis B or C	0.88
No			Ref.
Yes		0.49	0.02	11.15
Not reported		0.47	0.01	27.36
Alcohol consumption (yes/no)	0.66	1.86	0.12	28.92
Histology grade	0.54
G1-2			Ref.
G3-4		2.65	0.47	14.89
Not reported		0.45	0.00	2.64×10171
New tumor event (yes/no)	0.55	242,100.00	0.00	6.504×1022
Pathologic stage	0.01
Stage I+II			Ref.
Stage III+IV		23.11	3.14	169.93
Not reported		2.47	0.00	1.40×10172
Cancer status	0.91
Tumor free			Ref.
With tumor		1.84	0.10	35.34
Not reported		1.84	0.03	125.06
Family cancer history	0.33
No			Ref.
Yes		1.07	0.12	9.75
Not reported		0.01	0.00	4.99
Residual tumor	0.14
R0			Ref.
Non-R0		255.36	1.10	59,270.00
Vascular invasion	0.82
Negative			Ref.
Positive		1.80	0.01	273.16

[i] BMI, body mass index; AFP, α-fetoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference.

Co-expression analysis of DElncRNAs and mRNAs, and functional analysis of the mRNAs

Potential co-expression of the lncRNAs in the risk scoring systems and mRNAs in RNA-seq data was explored using Pearson's correlation (Tables SI–SIV). The mRNAs found to be strongly associated with these lncRNAs were then analyzed using KEGG signal pathway databases. The top 10 significantly enriched KEGG signal pathways are shown in Fig. 7. Functional enrichment analysis showed that mRNAs strongly associated with the risk scoring systems are involved mainly in cell cycle-related pathways (in the case of OS of patients with HCC and fibrosis), chemokine-related pathways (RFS of patients with HCC and fibrosis), Th17 cell differentiation-related pathways (OS of HCC patients without fibrosis) and thermogenesis-related pathways (RFS of HCC patients without fibrosis).

Figure 7. Top 10 significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of protein-coding genes strongly associated with the long non-coding RNAs used in the risk scoring systems to predict (A) OS or (B) RFS of HCC patients with fibrosis, and (C) OS or (D) RFS of HCC patients without fibrosis. OS, overall survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Discussion

HCC has a high morbidity and mortality (1,2), the risk of which differs depending on whether fibrosis is present or not (15–17). Thus, prognostic biomarkers specific for each situation are required in order to improve patient management. Toward this end, the present study explored lncRNAs in patients with HCC that are differentially expressed in the presence or absence of fibrosis, and then identified which of the DElncRNAs used to construct risk scoring systems may be useful for predicting survival. The risk scoring systems were validated using uni- and multivariate Cox analyses following adjustment for several clinical characteristics that can also influence survival.

It was possible to predict the risk of OS for HCC patients with or without fibrosis using 5 or 7 lncRNAs. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.732 or 0.963, respectively, suggesting reasonable predictive power. Furthermore, multivariate Cox analysis identified additional significant predictors of OS: BMI and ethnicity among patients with fibrosis, or pathology stage among patients without fibrosis. Other studies have also associated these factors with OS in patients with HCC (21,22).

The present study predicted the RFS of HCC patients without fibrosis using 5 lncRNAs. The area under the ROC curve was 0.90, suggesting good predictive ability. Multivariate Cox analysis further identified age as a significant independent predictor. The DElncRNA-based risk scoring approach used in the present study was less successful in predicting the RFS of patients with fibrosis. Univariate Cox analysis failed to show that the risk scoring system could significantly predict prognosis after adjusting for other clinical factors. Stratified analyses based on risk scoring identified the following factors as influencing risk: age, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, new tumor event, pathology stage and cancer status. Therefore, these factors need to be taken into account in the prediction of RFS for HCC patients with fibrosis.

The present study identified several DElncRNAs that may be useful targets in efforts to understand why prognosis of patients with HCC is worse in the presence of fibrosis. Numerous studies have shown improved survival outcomes among patients with no or mild fibrosis than among those with severe fibrosis (15–17), including one analysis of 11,783 patients with HCC (23). It is even possible that fibrosis promotes genetic mutations in patients with HCC (14).

As a first step towards using the DElncRNAs identified in the present study to understand the prognosis more clearly, the molecular functions of protein-coding genes highly associated with the lncRNAs included in the present study's risk scoring systems were analyzed. KEGG pathway analysis showed these genes to be involved mainly in the cell cycle, chemokine-related pathways, Th17 cell differentiation or thermogenesis, depending on whether fibrosis was present and depending on whether OS or RFS was the target outcome. These differential results for HCC subpopulations may help guide future research in understanding, predicting and managing recurrence and fibrosis.

Several previous studies have also constructed risk scoring systems to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC (24–31). However, those risk scoring systems were based on DElncRNAs between HCC and normal samples, while the risk scoring systems in the present study are based on the DElncRNAs between HCC patients with or without fibrosis, and have greater specificity in HCC patients with fibrosis. Moreover, the DElncRNAs of risk scoring systems in the present study are different from those in previous studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to construct a risk scoring system to predict survival in HCC patients with or without fibrosis.

Despite its advantages, the present study has several limitations. First, the prognostic value of the lncRNAs in this study has not been validated in sample tissues or cells. Second, the multivariate Cox regression analysis did not include type of HCC treatment because these data were lacking from TCGA; treatment history may affect OS and RFS (32). Indeed, the adjustment for potential effects of other clinical characteristics on survival in the present study may have been biased because relevant data for some patients were not reported. Third, HCC patients were not stratified based on early or advanced fibrosis, which may have biased the results, such as the finding that the risk scoring system was not a significant predictor of RFS in HCC patients with fibrosis. Fourth, the hepatic fibrosis of patients in the TCGA database was evaluated using only the Ishak fibrosis score, which may be inaccurate.

Despite these limitations, the results describe novel risk scoring systems based on the expression of 5–7 lncRNAs for predicting the OS of HCC patients with or without fibrosis, and for predicting the RFS of patients without fibrosis. Further studies are required to explore the possibility of using lncRNA expression to predict the RFS of HCC patients with fibrosis.

Supplementary Material

Supporting Data

Supporting Data

Supporting Data

Supporting Data

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This study was supported by The Young and Middle-aged Teacher Basic Ability Enhancement Project of Guangxi University (grant no. 2018KY0111), and Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education (no. YCBZ2019036).

Availability of data and materials

All the datasets generated and/or analyzed during the present study are included in this published article.

Authors' contributions

LG and JY conceived the study. JY and SW conducted the data curation and formal analysis. JY and SP were responsible for methodology. SP and JH were responsible for data collection. LG supervised the study. JY and JH were responsible for data visualization. JY drafted the manuscript and LG revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References