Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 45 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 45 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Daniela Toumazi
    • Sandra El Daccache
    • Constantina Constantinou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY‑1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
  • Article Number: 80
    |
    Published online on: March 29, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8031
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) impacts 2.3 million women each year, making it the most frequent cancer diagnosed among the female population. An unexpected link has been discovered between BC and alterations in the mammary and gut microbiota, suggesting their possible role in BC development, prevention and management. Studies suggest a distinct microbiome in healthy breast tissue compared to BC tissue. The healthy breast tissue has been found to be mostly enriched with bacteria of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. However, certain bacteria are more abundant in cancerous tissues compared to adjacent non‑cancerous tissues in BC women or compared to the breast tissues of healthy women. On the other hand, bacteria such as Lactococcus spp. are increased in the breast tissues of healthy women compared to the cancerous tissues of BC women and may therefore have potential protective effects against BC. Additionally, preliminary studies propose that the mammary microbiota is distinct in the different subtypes of BC, proposing a specific role of microbes in the development of BC and suggesting their possible use as biomarkers. Similarly, dysbiosis in the gut microbiota has been further linked to BC since certain gut bacteria can alter the production of beneficial metabolites and disrupt estrogen metabolism in the gut. While still at its infancy, such unexpected links between breast and gut microbiota and BC propose possible alternatives with regards to the prevention but also management of BC such as through the use of probiotics. The current review is focused on evaluating the recent evidence regarding the association between mammary and gut microbiota and BC and discusses the most important bacteria involved.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A and Bray F: Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. Feb 4–2021.(Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.3322/caac.21660. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Siegel RL, Miller KD and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 70:7–30. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Brown SB and Hankinson SE: Endogenous estrogens and the risk of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Steroids. 99:8–10. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Fernández MF, Reina-Pérez I, Astorga JM, Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Plaza-Díaz J and Fontana L: Breast cancer and its relationship with the microbiota. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 15:17472018. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Momenimovahed Z and Salehiniya H: Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 11:151–164. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

6 

da Costa Vieira RA, Biller G, Uermura G, Ruiz CA and Curado MP: Breast cancer screening in developing countries. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 72:244–253. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Howlader N, Cronin KA, Kurian AW and Andridge R: Differences in breast cancer survival by molecular subtypes in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 27:619–626. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R and Gordon JI: The human microbiome project. Nature. 449:804–810. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Parida S and Sharma D: Microbial alterations and risk factors of breast cancer: Connections and mechanistic insights. Cells. 9:10912020. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Urbaniak C, Cummins J, Brackstone M, Macklaim JM, Gloor GB, Baban CK, Scott L, O'Hanlon DM, Burton JP, Francis KP, et al: Microbiota of human breast tissue. Appl Environ Microbiol. 80:3007–3014. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Toumazi D and Constantinou C: A fragile balance: The important role of the intestinal microbiota in the prevention and management of colorectal cancer. Oncology. 98:593–602. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Chung YR, Kim HJ, Kim YA, Chang MS, Hwang KT and Park SY: Diversity index as a novel prognostic factor in breast cancer. Oncotarget. 8:97114–97126. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Xuan C, Shamonki JM, Chung A, Dinome ML, Chung M, Sieling PA and Lee DJ: Microbial dysbiosis is associated with human breast cancer. PLoS One. 9:e837442014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Urbaniak C, Gloor GB, Brackstone M, Scott L, Tangney M and Reid G: The microbiota of breast tissue and its association with breast cancer. Appl Environ Microbiol. 82:5039–5048. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Chan AA, Bashir M, Rivas MN, Duvall K, Sieling PA, Pieber TR, Vaishampayan PA, Love SM and Lee DJ: Characterization of the microbiome of nipple aspirate fluid of breast cancer survivors. Sci Rep. 6:280612016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Parida S and Sharma D: The power of small changes: Comprehensive analyses of microbial dysbiosis in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 1871:392–405. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Hieken TJ, Chen J, Hoskin TL, Walther-Antonio M, Johnson S, Ramaker S, Xiao J, Radisky DC, Knutson KL, Kalari KR, et al: The microbiome of aseptically collected human breast tissue in benign and malignant disease. Sci Rep. 6:307512016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Thompson KJ, Ingle JN, Tang X, Chia N, Jeraldo PR, Walther-Antonio MR, Kandimalla KK, Johnson S, Yao JZ, Harrington SC, et al: A comprehensive analysis of breast cancer microbiota and host gene expression. PLoS One. 12:e01888732017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Flores R..Shi J, Fuhrman B, Xu X, Veenstra TD, Gail MH, Gajer P, Ravel J and Goedert JJ: Fecal microbial determinants of fecal and systemic estrogens and estrogen metabolites: A cross-sectional study. J Transl Med. 10:2532012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Wang H, Altemus J, Niazi F, Green H, Calhoun BC, Sturgis C, Grobmyer SR and Eng C: Breast tissue, oral and urinary microbiomes in breast cancer. Oncotarget. 8:88122–88138. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Banerjee S, Tian T, Wei Z, Shih N, Feldman MD, Peck KN, DeMichele AM, Alwine JC and Robertson ES: Distinct microbial signatures associated with different breast cancer types. Front Microbiol. 9:9512018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Parida S and Sharma D: The microbiome-estrogen connection and breast cancer risk. Cells. 8:16422019. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Minelli EB, Beghini AM, Vesentini S, Marchiori L, Nardo G, Cerutti R and Mortani E: Intestinal microflora as an alternative metabolic source of estrogens in women with uterine leiomyoma and breast cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 595:473–479. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Zhu J, Liao M, Yao Z, Liang W, Li Q, Liu J, Yang H, Ji Y, Wei W, Tan A, et al: Breast cancer in postmenopausal women is associated with an altered gut metagenome. Microbiome. 6:1362018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Inan MS, Rasoulpour RJ, Yin L, Hubbard AK, Rosenberg DW and Giardina C: The luminal short-chain fatty acid butyrate modulates NF-kappaB activity in a human colonic epithelial cell line. Gastroenterology. 118:724–734. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Heinken A and Thiele I: Systematic prediction of health-relevant human-microbial co-metabolism through a computational framework. Gut Microbes. 6:120–130. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Eslami-S Z, Majidzadeh-A K, Halvaei S, Babapirali F and Esmaeili R: Microbiome and breast cancer: New role for an ancient population. Front Oncol. 10:1202020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Zhang Z, Tang H, Chen P, Xie H and Tao Y: Demystifying the manipulation of host immunity, metabolism, and extraintestinal tumors by the gut microbiome. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 4:412019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Mani S: Microbiota and breast cancer. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 151:217–229. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Komorowski AS and Pezo RC: Untapped ‘-omics’: The microbial metagenome, estrobolome, and their influence on the development of breast cancer and response to treatment. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 179:287–300. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Flores R, Shi J, Gail MH, Gajer P, Ravel J and Goedert JJ: Association of fecal microbial diversity and taxonomy with selected enzymatic functions. PLoS One. 7:e397452012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Fuhrman BJ, Feigelson HS, Flores R, Gail MH, Xu X, Ravel J and Goedert JJ: Associations of the fecal microbiome with urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 99:4632–4640. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Buchta Rosean C, Bostic RR, Ferey JCM, Feng TY, Azar FN, Tung KS, Dozmorov MG, Sirmnova E, Bos PD and Rutlowski MR: Preexisting commensal dysbiosis is a host-intrinsic regulator of tissue inflammation and tumour cell dissemination in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Res. 79:3662–3675. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Malik SS, Saeed A, Baig M, Asif N, Masood N and Yasmin A: Anticarcinogenecity of microbiota and probiotics in breast cancer. Int J Food Prop. 21:655–666. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Yang J, Tan Q, Fu Q, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Tang S, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Qiu J and Lv Q: Gastrointestinal microbiome and breast cancer: Correlations, mechanisms and potential clinical implications. Breast Cancer. 24:220–228. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Imani Fooladi AA, Yazdi MH, Pourmand MR, Mirshafiey A, Hassan ZM, Azizi T, Mahdavi M and Soltan Dallal MM: Th1 cytokine production induced by Lactobacillus acidophilus in BALB/c Mice bearing transplanted breast tumor. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 8:e173542015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Hassan Z, Mustafa S, Rahim RA and Isa NM: Anti-breast cancer effects of live, heat-killed and cytoplasmic fractions of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus hominis isolated from human breast milk. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 52:337–348. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Esfandiary A, Taherian-Esfahani Z, Abedin-Do A, Mirfakhraie R, Shirzad M, Ghafouri-Fard S and Motevaseli E: Lactobacilli modulate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 regulatory pathway in triple negative breast cancer cell line. Cell J. 18:237–244. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Bharti V, Singh S, Ahirwal L, Mehta A and Jain N: Cytotoxicity of live whole cell, heat killed cell and cell free extract of lactobacillus strain in u-87 human glioblastoma cell line and mcf-7 breast cancer cell line. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics. 10:153–158. 2015.

40 

Kadirareddy RH, Vemuri SG and Palempalli UM: Probiotic conjugated linoleic acid mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells by downregulation of NFκB. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 17:3395–3403. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

41 

De Moreno de LeBlanc A, Matar C, Thériault C and Perdigón G: Effects of milk fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus R389 on immune cells associated to mammary glands in normal and a breast cancer model. Immunobiology. 210:349–358. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Lakritz JR, Poutahidis T, Levkovich T, Varian BJ, Ibrahim YM, Chatzigiagkos A, Mirabal S, Alm EJ and Erdman SE: Beneficial bacteria stimulate host immune cells to counteract dietary and genetic predisposition to mammary cancer in mice. Int J Cancer. 135:529–540. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Van't Veer P, Dekker JM, Lamers JW, Kok FJ, Schouten EG, Brants HA, Sturmans F and Hermus RJ: Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: A case-control study in The Netherlands. Cancer Res. 49:4020–4023. 1989.PubMed/NCBI

44 

Chagas CE, Rogero MM and Martini LA: Evaluating the links between intake of milk/dairy products and cancer. Nutr Rev. 70:294–300. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Soltan Dallal MM, Yazdi MH, Holakuyee M, Hassan ZM, Abolhassani M and Mahdavi M: Lactobacillus casei ssp.casei induced Th1 cytokine profile and natural killer cells activity in invasive ductal carcinoma bearing mice. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 11:183–189. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

46 

Yazdi MH, Mahdavi M, Setayesh N, Esfandyar M and Shahverdi AR: Selenium nanoparticle-enriched Lactobacillus brevis causes more efficient immune responses in vivo and reduces the liver metastasis in metastatic form of mouse breast cancer. DARU. 21:332013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Zamberi NR, Abu N, Mohamed NE, Nordin N, Keong YS, Beh BK, Zakaria ZA, Nik Abdul Rahman NM and Alitheen NB: The antimetastatic and antiangiogenesis effects of kefir water on murine breast cancer cells. Integr Cancer Ther. 15:NP53–NP66. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E and Elinav E: The pros, cons and many knowns of probiotics. Nat Med. 25:716–729. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Bafeta A, Koh M, Riveros C and Ravaud P: Harms reporting in randomized controlled trials of interventions aimed at modifying microbiota: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 169:240–247. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Mayo Clinic, . Engineering Gut Microbiome to Target Breast Cancer. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03358511NLM identifier: NCT03358511. October 28–2020

51 

Universidad de Granada, . Breast and Cancer Its Relationship With the Microbiota (MICROMA). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03885648NLM identifier: NCT03885648. October 28–2020

52 

Hackensack Meridian Health, . Gut and Intratumoral Microbiome Effect on the Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy-induced Immunosurveillance in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03586297NLM identifier: NCT03586297. October 28–2020

53 

First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, . Intestinal Microbiota of Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04138979NLM identifier: ID: NCT04138979. October 28–2020

54 

Lawson Health Research Institute, . Probiotics and Breast Health. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03290651NLM identifier: NCT03290651. October 28–2020

55 

Mayo Clinic, . A Pilot Trial of Preoperative Oral Microbiota-based Investigational New Drug (RBX7455). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04139993NLM identifier: NCT04139993. October 28–2020

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Toumazi D, El Daccache S and Constantinou C: An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review). Oncol Rep 45: 80, 2021.
APA
Toumazi, D., El Daccache, S., & Constantinou, C. (2021). An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review). Oncology Reports, 45, 80. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8031
MLA
Toumazi, D., El Daccache, S., Constantinou, C."An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review)". Oncology Reports 45.5 (2021): 80.
Chicago
Toumazi, D., El Daccache, S., Constantinou, C."An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review)". Oncology Reports 45, no. 5 (2021): 80. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8031
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Toumazi D, El Daccache S and Constantinou C: An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review). Oncol Rep 45: 80, 2021.
APA
Toumazi, D., El Daccache, S., & Constantinou, C. (2021). An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review). Oncology Reports, 45, 80. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8031
MLA
Toumazi, D., El Daccache, S., Constantinou, C."An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review)". Oncology Reports 45.5 (2021): 80.
Chicago
Toumazi, D., El Daccache, S., Constantinou, C."An unexpected link: The role of mammary and gut microbiota on breast cancer development and management (Review)". Oncology Reports 45, no. 5 (2021): 80. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8031
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team