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Oncology Reports
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Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
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March-2026 Volume 55 Issue 3

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Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

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Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

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Review Open Access

Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Huiyuan Ma
    • Longhui Li
    • Conghan Jiao
    • Yanyan Cheng
    • Jiayu He
    • Chen Jiang
    • Qian Tong
    • Dan Yi
    • Ying Zhang

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Hematology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Ma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 44
    |
    Published online on: January 16, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9049
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Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‑mutant non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) exhibits notable immunosuppressive properties. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‑TKIs) induce dynamic remodeling of the TME. By boosting the infiltration of immune cells such as T cells and dendritic cells and decreasing immunosuppressive elements such as tumor‑associated macrophages and regulatory T cells, short‑term TKI treatment can effectively enhance antitumor immunity. However, the TME changes to an immunosuppressive state marked by PD‑L1 upregulation and immune escape with continued therapy and the emergence of resistance. This creates a transient immunotherapy window period during EGFR‑TKI treatment, when immune checkpoint inhibitors may achieve optimal efficacy. It is essential to identify and take advantage of this window in order to enhance treatment results. The present review highlights the importance of understanding TME dynamics in EGFR‑mutant NSCLC to optimize combination strategies and guide future therapeutic development.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ma H, Li L, Jiao C, Cheng Y, He J, Jiang C, Tong Q, Yi D and Zhang Y: <p>Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 44, 2026.
APA
Ma, H., Li, L., Jiao, C., Cheng, Y., He, J., Jiang, C. ... Zhang, Y. (2026). <p>Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9049
MLA
Ma, H., Li, L., Jiao, C., Cheng, Y., He, J., Jiang, C., Tong, Q., Yi, D., Zhang, Y."<p>Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55.3 (2026): 44.
Chicago
Ma, H., Li, L., Jiao, C., Cheng, Y., He, J., Jiang, C., Tong, Q., Yi, D., Zhang, Y."<p>Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 3 (2026): 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9049
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ma H, Li L, Jiao C, Cheng Y, He J, Jiang C, Tong Q, Yi D and Zhang Y: <p>Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 44, 2026.
APA
Ma, H., Li, L., Jiao, C., Cheng, Y., He, J., Jiang, C. ... Zhang, Y. (2026). <p>Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9049
MLA
Ma, H., Li, L., Jiao, C., Cheng, Y., He, J., Jiang, C., Tong, Q., Yi, D., Zhang, Y."<p>Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55.3 (2026): 44.
Chicago
Ma, H., Li, L., Jiao, C., Cheng, Y., He, J., Jiang, C., Tong, Q., Yi, D., Zhang, Y."<p>Immunotherapy after EGFR‑TKI treatment in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer: Current status and future perspectives (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 3 (2026): 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9049
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