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Oncology Reports
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Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
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March-2026 Volume 55 Issue 3

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

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Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

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Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

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International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

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International Journal of Epigenetics

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Review Open Access

Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Wentao Li
    • Lijun Lv
    • Yibin Jin
    • Xin Yuan

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, Gansu 730900, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 45
    |
    Published online on: January 16, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9050
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Abstract

Bone sarcomas remain lethal despite multimodal therapy, primarily because the mineralized, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes chemo‑ and immune‑resistance. Integrating single‑cell and spatial omics across osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma and chondrosarcoma delineates subtype‑specific TME archetypes dominated by M2 macrophages, exhausted T cells and a stiff extracellular matrix. Mechanistic dissection reveals tractable vulnerabilities, myeloid reprogramming, extracellular matrix modulation and metabolic and epigenetic checkpoints, that can be targeted with bone‑selective delivery systems and biomarker‑driven combination trials to convert therapeutic failure into durable remission. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to synthesize the latest single‑cell, spatial and functional data to map bone‑sarcoma TME heterogeneity, dissect resistance mechanisms and propose integrated, biomarker‑guided therapeutic strategies that can be translated into treatments.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li W, Lv L, Jin Y and Yuan X: <p>Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 45, 2026.
APA
Li, W., Lv, L., Jin, Y., & Yuan, X. (2026). <p>Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9050
MLA
Li, W., Lv, L., Jin, Y., Yuan, X."<p>Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55.3 (2026): 45.
Chicago
Li, W., Lv, L., Jin, Y., Yuan, X."<p>Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 3 (2026): 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9050
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li W, Lv L, Jin Y and Yuan X: <p>Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 45, 2026.
APA
Li, W., Lv, L., Jin, Y., & Yuan, X. (2026). <p>Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9050
MLA
Li, W., Lv, L., Jin, Y., Yuan, X."<p>Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55.3 (2026): 45.
Chicago
Li, W., Lv, L., Jin, Y., Yuan, X."<p>Tumor microenvironment in bone sarcomas: Implications for immunotherapy and emerging therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 3 (2026): 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9050
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