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Oncology Reports
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Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
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March-2026 Volume 55 Issue 3

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

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International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

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Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

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Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

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Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

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International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

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Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

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International Journal of Functional Nutrition

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Review Open Access

Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis in vitro: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jian Jiang
    • Guomin Dong
    • Zhiyun Zhang
    • Xiaoyuan Lei
    • Fanshu Huang
    • Suoni Li
    • Jiequn Ma
    • Jie Bai
    • Qian Ge
    • Hui Wei
    • Zheng Zhao

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Graduate School, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China, Department of Internal Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China, Graduate School, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China, Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Jiang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 49
    |
    Published online on: January 20, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9054
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Abstract

Lung cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with metastatic progression being the leading driver of mortality. Organoid technology provides a tractable, physiologically relevant platform to model key aspects of lung cancer metastasis in vitro. The present review summarized methodologies for constructing and interrogating these models, covering tissue sources, culture modalities, gene editing and in vivo transplantation; applications in studying metastatic mechanisms, drug screening and capturing intra‑ and intertumoral heterogeneity are also highlighted. Persistent challenges include standardizing derivation and culture conditions, improving preservation of tumor‑microenvironmental interactions, expanding immune‑competent and vascularized models, and addressing scalability, cost, and regulatory and ethical considerations for clinical translation. Future directions include integrating multi‑omics approaches and spatial profiling, leveraging artificial intelligence for image and response analytics, advancing immune‑organoid models and establishing shared standards, reference materials and reporting guidelines to enhance reproducibility and clinical impact.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Jiang J, Dong G, Zhang Z, Lei X, Huang F, Li S, Ma J, Bai J, Ge Q, Wei H, Wei H, et al: <p>Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis <em>in vitro</em>: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 49, 2026.
APA
Jiang, J., Dong, G., Zhang, Z., Lei, X., Huang, F., Li, S. ... Zhao, Z. (2026). <p>Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis <em>in vitro</em>: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 49. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9054
MLA
Jiang, J., Dong, G., Zhang, Z., Lei, X., Huang, F., Li, S., Ma, J., Bai, J., Ge, Q., Wei, H., Zhao, Z."<p>Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis <em>in vitro</em>: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55.3 (2026): 49.
Chicago
Jiang, J., Dong, G., Zhang, Z., Lei, X., Huang, F., Li, S., Ma, J., Bai, J., Ge, Q., Wei, H., Zhao, Z."<p>Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis <em>in vitro</em>: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 3 (2026): 49. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9054
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Jiang J, Dong G, Zhang Z, Lei X, Huang F, Li S, Ma J, Bai J, Ge Q, Wei H, Wei H, et al: <p>Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis <em>in vitro</em>: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 49, 2026.
APA
Jiang, J., Dong, G., Zhang, Z., Lei, X., Huang, F., Li, S. ... Zhao, Z. (2026). <p>Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis <em>in vitro</em>: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 49. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9054
MLA
Jiang, J., Dong, G., Zhang, Z., Lei, X., Huang, F., Li, S., Ma, J., Bai, J., Ge, Q., Wei, H., Zhao, Z."<p>Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis <em>in vitro</em>: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55.3 (2026): 49.
Chicago
Jiang, J., Dong, G., Zhang, Z., Lei, X., Huang, F., Li, S., Ma, J., Bai, J., Ge, Q., Wei, H., Zhao, Z."<p>Recapitulating lung cancer metastasis <em>in vitro</em>: Advances in organoid models and challenges in clinical translation (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 3 (2026): 49. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9054
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