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Review Open Access

Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)

  • Authors:
    • E Jin
    • Wang Lin
    • Xiandong Zeng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang City, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Jin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 53
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    Published online on: January 23, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9058
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Abstract

The management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a malignancy with pronounced geographic prevalence in Southeast Asia, is undergoing a paradigm shift toward precision medicine driven by innovations in early detection and minimally invasive therapy. Breakthroughs in Epstein‑Barr virus (EBV)‑based screening, such as CRISPR‑associated protein 12a (Cas12a) amplification‑free assays, P85 antibody profiling and T‑cell receptor sequencing, now achieve 97.9% sensitivity and 99.3% specificity, enabling ultra‑early risk prediction 6‑12 months before clinical diagnosis. These advances synergise with multimodal imaging techniques such as narrow‑band imaging and I‑scan virtual chromoendoscopy, which detect sub‑5 mm lesions with 90% sensitivity, revolutionizing screening protocols. Therapeutically, endoscopic nasopharyngectomy (ENPG) exemplifies precision oncology, achieving ≥90% negative resection margins and a 92.1% 5‑year survival rate in early‑stage NPC while preserving key functions (such as swallowing and hearing) and reducing radiotherapy‑related morbidity. Yet, it should be regarded as an indication‑bounded option for carefully selected T1‑T2 disease in experienced centers and does not constitute a universal substitute for radiotherapy. Persistent challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, limited access to advanced technologies in resource‑constrained regions and restrictive ENPG eligibility, underscore the need for artificial intelligence‑driven multi‑omics risk models, portable diagnostic tools and multinational trials to validate long‑term outcomes. By integrating surgical‑immune synergy (such as neoadjuvant programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors) and equitable implementation strategies, NPC care is transitioning from empirical approaches to a precision framework targeting >80% early diagnosis and >90% functional preservation, offering a roadmap to mitigate the global burden of this regionally concentrated cancer.

View Figures

Figure 1

The mainstream treatment methods of
nasopharyngeal carcinoma are radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery,
targeted therapy and immunotherapy (by Figdraw.com).

Figure 2

Molecular interaction mechanism
diagram of associated genes (by Figdraw.com).

Figure 3

Biological markers of nasopharyngeal
carcinoma.

Figure 4

The therapeutic mechanism of PD-1 and
the immune environment of NPC. NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PD-1,
programmed cell death protein 1.

Figure 5

Practice-facing outlook for NPC
precision care. NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma. RT, radiotherapy;
ENPG, endoscopic nasopharyngectomy; OS, overall survival; CTCAE,
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; PROs,
patient-reported outcomes; MDADI, MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory;
QLQ-H&N35, EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire-Head and Neck
35; mo, months; T1-T2, tumor stage T1-T2; G3, grade 3.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Jin E, Lin W and Zeng X: <p>Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 53, 2026.
APA
Jin, E., Lin, W., & Zeng, X. (2026). <p>Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9058
MLA
Jin, E., Lin, W., Zeng, X."<p>Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55.3 (2026): 53.
Chicago
Jin, E., Lin, W., Zeng, X."<p>Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 3 (2026): 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9058
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Jin E, Lin W and Zeng X: <p>Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 53, 2026.
APA
Jin, E., Lin, W., & Zeng, X. (2026). <p>Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9058
MLA
Jin, E., Lin, W., Zeng, X."<p>Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55.3 (2026): 53.
Chicago
Jin, E., Lin, W., Zeng, X."<p>Collaborative breakthroughs in precision diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer: Biomarker‑driven screening and endoscopic minimally invasive surgery reshape the new paradigm of early intervention (Review)</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 3 (2026): 53. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9058
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