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Article Open Access

High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer

  • Authors:
    • Pengliang Shen
    • Xiaosong Wang
    • Xiaoting Yan
    • Hongyang Du
    • Bo Wu
    • Xiaoming Cao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China, First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Shen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 55
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    Published online on: January 27, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9060
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Abstract

DNA replication stress and energy homeostasis are critical yet underexplored pathways in prostate cancer (PCa). Identifying PCa prognostic biomarkers associated with these pathways are essential for advancing diagnostics and treatment. The present study aimed to analyze transcriptomic and clinical data from public datasets to identify DNA replication stress and energy homeostasis‑related genes associated with PCa. Biomarkers were assessed using reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q) PCR, western blotting and consistent expression trends across datasets. Survival analyses evaluated the effect of biomarkers on clinical outcomes, while immune microenvironment changes and immunotherapy responses were evaluated. Mutation and drug sensitivity analyses explored genetic variations and chemotherapy efficacy. Functional assays, including cell proliferation, migration, RT‑qPCR and western blotting, confirmed biomarker roles in PCa progression. RecQ mediated genome instability 1 (RMI1) was identified as a novel biomarker, consistently upregulated in PCa tissues across datasets and experiments (P<0.05). High RMI1 expression was associated with worse survival outcomes, advanced clinical stages, immune escape and TP53 mutations. Enrichment analysis linked RMI1 to cell cycle, DNA replication and metabolic pathways. Functional assays revealed that RMI1 knockdown inhibited PCa cell proliferation and migration, suggesting its role in tumor progression. Additionally, high RMI1 expression was associated with resistance to certain chemotherapeutic agents, such as irinotecan. These results underscored RMI1 as a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for the management of PCa. In conclusion, the present study identified RMI1 as a biomarker for the detection of PCa and may promote cancer cell progression by promoting proliferation and migration.

View Figures

Figure 1

Identification and enrichment
analysis of DEGs in PCa. (A) Volcano plot of DEGs. (B) Heatmap of
DEGs. (C) GO enrichment analysis of DEGs. (D) KEGG enrichment
analysis of DEGs. DEGs, differentially expressed genes; PCa,
prostate cancer; GO, Gene Ontology; BP, biological process; CC,
cellular component; MF, molecular function; KEGG, Kyoto
Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.

Figure 2

Screening of biomarkers. (A) GDF15
and RMI1 were obtained from the intersection of DEGs, DRGs and
EHRGs. (B-E) A total of four datasets validated the expression of
RMI1, (B) TCGA-PCa, (C) GSE103512 dataset (D) GSE21034 dataset (E)
GSE70770 dataset. (F) RT-qPCR box plot of RMI1. (G) Protein
differential expressions of RMI1. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01, ****P<0.0001. GDF15, growth
differentiation factor 15; RMI1, RecQ mediated genome instability
1; DEGs, differentially expressed genes; DRGs, DNA replication
stress-related genes; EHRGs, energy homeostasis-related genes;
TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; PCa, prostate cancer; RT-qPCR,
reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.

Figure 3

Analysis of survival difference
between RMI1 high- and low-expression group. KM curves of (A) OS,
(B) DSS and (C) PFI between high and low expression groups. KM
curve for BCR recurrence in (D) GSE70770 and (E) GSE54460. (F)
Violin maps of differential RMI1 expression in subgroups with
different clinical characteristics. (G) Statistical map of the
percentage of subtypes with clinical features in the high and low
expression groups of the RMI1. *P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001. ns, not significant. RMI1, RecQ mediated genome
instability 1; KM, Kaplan-Meier; OS, overall survival; DSS,
disease-specific survival; PFI, progression-free interval; BCR,
biochemical recurrence.

Figure 4

Enrichment analysis and mutation
analysis. (A) Result of GSEA. (B) Result of GSVA. (C) Top 20 genes
with the highest frequency of mutation in the low expression group.
(D) Top 20 genes with the highest frequency of mutation in the high
expression group. GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; GSVA, gene
set variation analysis.

Figure 5

Immune microenvironment analysis. (A)
Stacking diagram of the percentage of immune cell infiltration
between high and low expression groups. (B) Box plot of immune cell
infiltration in high and low expression groups. (C) Differences in
TIDE scores between high and low expression groups violin plot. (D)
Comparison of immune score, stromal score and ESTIMATE score
between high and low expression groups. (E) Differences in IC50 of
common chemotherapeutic agents for PCa between high and low
expression groups. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001,
****P<0.0001. ns, not significant. TIDE, tumor immune
dysfunction and exclusion; IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration; PCa,
prostate cancer.

Figure 6

Effect of RMI1 expression on PCa cell
proliferation and migration. (A) RT-qPCR was performed to obtain
differential mRNA expression of RMI1 in differently transfected
PC-3 cells. (B) Western blotting was performed to obtain
differential protein expression of RMI1 in differently transfected
PC-3 cells. (C) Result of CCK-8 assays. (D) Result of cell scratch
test. (E) Result of Transwell migration assay. *P<0.05;
**P<0.01; ***P<0.001. RMI1, RecQ mediated genome instability
1; PCa, prostate cancer; RT-qPCR, reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Shen P, Wang X, Yan X, Du H, Wu B and Cao X: <p>High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 55, 2026.
APA
Shen, P., Wang, X., Yan, X., Du, H., Wu, B., & Cao, X. (2026). <p>High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 55. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9060
MLA
Shen, P., Wang, X., Yan, X., Du, H., Wu, B., Cao, X."<p>High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer</p>". Oncology Reports 55.4 (2026): 55.
Chicago
Shen, P., Wang, X., Yan, X., Du, H., Wu, B., Cao, X."<p>High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 4 (2026): 55. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9060
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Shen P, Wang X, Yan X, Du H, Wu B and Cao X: <p>High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer</p>. Oncol Rep 55: 55, 2026.
APA
Shen, P., Wang, X., Yan, X., Du, H., Wu, B., & Cao, X. (2026). <p>High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer</p>. Oncology Reports, 55, 55. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9060
MLA
Shen, P., Wang, X., Yan, X., Du, H., Wu, B., Cao, X."<p>High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer</p>". Oncology Reports 55.4 (2026): 55.
Chicago
Shen, P., Wang, X., Yan, X., Du, H., Wu, B., Cao, X."<p>High RMI1 expression is associated with cancer cell progression and poor prognosis in prostate cancer</p>". Oncology Reports 55, no. 4 (2026): 55. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9060
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