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Review Open Access

Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Minjie Zhou
    • Yijie Xie
    • Zhipeng Liu
    • Yi He
    • Yibing Yin
    • Keyu Chen
    • Zhengyu Zhao
    • Chengshun Zhang
    • Dingjun Cai
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 59
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    Published online on: January 29, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9064
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Abstract

Mitochondria are central to cellular metabolic reprogramming, and their energy metabolism pathways are indispensable for T‑cell activation, proliferation and differentiation. Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming enhances T‑cell activity and antitumor function. Mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion, fission and transfer, regulate T‑cell tumor immune function by modulating the number, morphology and distribution of mitochondria, which is vital for the antitumor effects of T cells. The release of mitochondrial DNA can activate multiple innate immune signaling pathways, such as cyclic GMP‑AMP synthase‑stimulator of interferon genes, Toll‑like receptor 9, and NOD‑, LRR‑, and pyrin domain‑containing protein 3, serving a complex regulatory role in shaping the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and T‑cell antitumor immune responses. Notably, mitochondrial dysfunction is a major driver of tumor initiation and progression. T‑cell mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming, dynamic changes and mitochondrial DNA release all affect the antitumor immunity of tumor‑infiltrating T cells. The present review focuses on the relationship between mitochondria and T‑cell antitumor immune responses, exploring the core role of mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity from multiple aspects, including mitochondrial energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial DNA. In addition, the present review examines state‑of‑the‑art research on antitumor therapies targeting mitochondria from multiple perspectives, with the aim of providing a reference for developing mitochondria‑targeted antitumor immunotherapy strategies.
View Figures

Figure 1

Mitochondrial metabolic
reprogramming-mediated T-cell activation. Through regulation of
T-cell proliferation, activation and differentiation, mitochondrial
metabolic reprogramming enhances antitumor immunity by boosting
immune cell-mediated tumor killing and surveillance. APC,
antigen-presenting cell; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated
protein 4; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; FAS, fatty acid synthesis;
MHC, major histocompatibility complex; OXPHOS, oxidative
phosphorylation; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed
death-ligand 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCA, tricarboxylic
acid; TCR, T-cell receptor.

Figure 2

Mitochondria regulate T-cell tumor
immunity pathways. Mitochondrial pathways that regulate T-cell
tumor immunity tumor cells promote the production of a large number
of mitochondrial ROS by upregulating aerobic glycolysis activity,
mitochondrial division, mitochondrial biosynthesis and OXPHOS
pathways, and high ROS levels promote the development of
tumorigenesis by inhibiting tumor cell apoptosis, promoting tumor
cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, invasion
and angiogenesis, and promoting the formation of an
immunosuppressive microenvironment by inhibiting T-cell activation,
promoting T-cell apoptosis and promoting immunosuppressive cell
generation. Leakage of mtDNA into the cytoplasm and extracellular
space promotes immune cell activation, promotes immunogenic cell
death and enhances host antitumor immune activity by activating
innate immune signals. mtDNA can also enter the extracellular space
through extracellular vesicles, promoting immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment formation. Glutamine restriction refers to
reducing the concentration of glutamine available to cells. CPT1A,
carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte;
CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; Drp1,
dynamin-related protein 1; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; mtDNA,
mitochondrial DNA; mtROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species;
OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PD-1, programmed death-1;
PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator
1α; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.
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Zhou M, Xie Y, Liu Z, He Y, Yin Y, Chen K, Zhao Z, Zhang C and Cai D: Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review). Oncol Rep 55: 59, 2026.
APA
Zhou, M., Xie, Y., Liu, Z., He, Y., Yin, Y., Chen, K. ... Cai, D. (2026). Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review). Oncology Reports, 55, 59. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9064
MLA
Zhou, M., Xie, Y., Liu, Z., He, Y., Yin, Y., Chen, K., Zhao, Z., Zhang, C., Cai, D."Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review)". Oncology Reports 55.4 (2026): 59.
Chicago
Zhou, M., Xie, Y., Liu, Z., He, Y., Yin, Y., Chen, K., Zhao, Z., Zhang, C., Cai, D."Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review)". Oncology Reports 55, no. 4 (2026): 59. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9064
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Spandidos Publications style
Zhou M, Xie Y, Liu Z, He Y, Yin Y, Chen K, Zhao Z, Zhang C and Cai D: Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review). Oncol Rep 55: 59, 2026.
APA
Zhou, M., Xie, Y., Liu, Z., He, Y., Yin, Y., Chen, K. ... Cai, D. (2026). Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review). Oncology Reports, 55, 59. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9064
MLA
Zhou, M., Xie, Y., Liu, Z., He, Y., Yin, Y., Chen, K., Zhao, Z., Zhang, C., Cai, D."Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review)". Oncology Reports 55.4 (2026): 59.
Chicago
Zhou, M., Xie, Y., Liu, Z., He, Y., Yin, Y., Chen, K., Zhao, Z., Zhang, C., Cai, D."Mitochondria in T‑cell tumor immunity and tumor therapies targeting mitochondria (Review)". Oncology Reports 55, no. 4 (2026): 59. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9064
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