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Review Open Access

Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhen Yang
    • Huajun Liu
    • Meilin Chen
    • Liming Zhang
    • Meiling Gong
    • Ruilian Yu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China, Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 77
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    Published online on: February 24, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9082
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Abstract

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a malignancy of the head and neck closely associated with Epstein‑Barr virus (EBV) infection, is highly prevalent in southern China and Southeast Asia. Traditional treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy have notable limitations in the management of locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic cases. Previously, immunotherapies, such as PD‑1/PD‑L1 inhibitors and targeted therapies, including EGFR and VEGF inhibitors, have emerged as breakthroughs in the treatment of NPC. The synergistic effects of combining these therapies have become a prominent area of research. While existing reviews have discussed the progress in immunotherapy and targeted therapy, most focus on single therapeutic modalities and lack a systematic integration of the latest clinical data and emerging treatment approaches. The present review discussed recent clinical trial results, focusing on the synergistic mechanisms of combined immunotherapy and targeted therapy, while also exploring the predictive value of EBV‑associated biomarkers. Additionally, it described cutting‑edge developments such as bispecific antibodies and antibody‑drug conjugates. The present article provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms, clinical advancements, efficacy and safety of immunotherapy, targeted therapy and their combination in NPC, highlighting current challenges and future directions to offer precise guidance for personalized clinical treatment.
View Figures

Figure 1

PD-1 binds to PD-L1, and through the
PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, it reduces T lymphocyte activity and inhibits
their proliferation, thereby suppressing the functional role of T
lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment. PD-1 inhibitors, by
specifically recognizing and binding to PD-1 molecules on the
surface of T cells via their antigen-binding fragment, and PD-L1
inhibitors, which bind to PD-L1 molecules on tumor cells, both
disrupt the inhibitory signals transmitted through this pathway,
thereby restoring the ability of T cells to kill tumor cells.
CTLA-4 inhibitors bind to CTLA-4 on T cells, blocking the
interaction between CTLA-4 and its ligand B7, thereby enhancing T
cell activation and proliferation. The EBV can use BDLF3, which
interferes with antigen presentation by both MHC-I and MHC-II,
limiting T cell-mediated immune recognition. Viral proteins such as
LMP1 and microRNAs induce PD-L1 expression, which binds to PD-1 on
T cells, reducing their antitumor and antiviral responses. CTLA-4,
cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4; APC, antigen-presenting cell;
EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; PD-(L)1, programmed cell death (ligand)
protein type 1.

Figure 2

Upon activation by EGF, EGFR promotes
cell proliferation, VEGF production and anti-apoptotic activity
through the JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways.
VEGF activates VEGFR and shares these downstream signals. EGFR
inhibitors/TKIs can block EGFR activation, while VEGF
inhibitors/VEGFR TKIs inhibit the interaction between VEGF and
VEGFR. The combination of these inhibitors can simultaneously block
the upstream signaling of both pathways, synergistically
suppressing tumor progression and delaying resistance. EGF,
epidermal growth factor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor;
VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular
endothelial growth factor receptor; TKIs, tyrosine kinase
inhibitors.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang Z, Liu H, Chen M, Zhang L, Gong M and Yu R: Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review). Oncol Rep 55: 77, 2026.
APA
Yang, Z., Liu, H., Chen, M., Zhang, L., Gong, M., & Yu, R. (2026). Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review). Oncology Reports, 55, 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9082
MLA
Yang, Z., Liu, H., Chen, M., Zhang, L., Gong, M., Yu, R."Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review)". Oncology Reports 55.4 (2026): 77.
Chicago
Yang, Z., Liu, H., Chen, M., Zhang, L., Gong, M., Yu, R."Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review)". Oncology Reports 55, no. 4 (2026): 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9082
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang Z, Liu H, Chen M, Zhang L, Gong M and Yu R: Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review). Oncol Rep 55: 77, 2026.
APA
Yang, Z., Liu, H., Chen, M., Zhang, L., Gong, M., & Yu, R. (2026). Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review). Oncology Reports, 55, 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9082
MLA
Yang, Z., Liu, H., Chen, M., Zhang, L., Gong, M., Yu, R."Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review)". Oncology Reports 55.4 (2026): 77.
Chicago
Yang, Z., Liu, H., Chen, M., Zhang, L., Gong, M., Yu, R."Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Current progress and combined approaches (Review)". Oncology Reports 55, no. 4 (2026): 77. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9082
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