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Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑κB signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer

  • Authors:
    • Kunkun Han
    • Qianyun Zhang
    • Shengnan Gao
    • Jigang Zhang
    • Xiao Mei
    • Fei Li
    • Xin Xu
    • Shu Li
    • Guodong Chen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China, Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China, Center for Self‑Propelled Nanotechnologies, College of Biotechnology, Suzhou Industrial Park Institute of Services Outsourcing, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215125, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Han et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 140
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    Published online on: May 29, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9145
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Abstract

Pancreatic cancer mortality remains high due to late diagnosis and therapeutic resistance. The present study investigated acylglycerol kinase (AGK), which has been implicated in other tumors, in pancreatic cancer. Quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that AGK was markedly upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines and its expression associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, functional studies using AGK knockdown and overexpression models demonstrated that AGK promoted cancer cell proliferation by upregulating proliferation‑associated genes, such as MYC, MKI67 and CCNB1. Mechanistically, AGK activates NF‑κB signaling pathway by facilitating p65 nuclear translocation and enhancing its phosphorylation. Additionally, CCK‑8 and colony formation assays further indicated that elevated AGK levels reduced sensitivity to therapeutic drugs and irradiation in pancreatic cancer cells. These findings revealed the critical role of AGK in pancreatic cancer progression and treatment resistance, identifying it as a potential novel therapeutic target and diagnostic marker.
View Figures

Figure 1

AGK is upregulated in pancreatic
cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. (A) AGK expression in
PAAD and normal tissues was analyzed using the GEPIA database. (B)
AGK expression were detected in sixteen pairs of tumorous and
adjacent non-tumor tissues by qPCR, with GAPDH as an internal
control. (C) AGK expression was measured in a normal human
pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line (HPDE6-C7) and four
pancreatic cancer cell lines using qPCR. (D) Overall survival
analysis was performed using the GEPIA online database. (E)
Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves of pancreatic cancer patients
stratified by AGK expression level (low vs. high) and tumor stage.
Left panel: Early-stage (Stage I+II) disease; right panel:
Advanced-stage (Stage III+IV) disease. Data are mean ± SD,
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001. AGK,
acylglycerol kinase; PAAD, pancreatic adenocarcinoma; GEPIA, Gene
Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis; qPCR, quantitative PCR;
HR, hazard ratio.

Figure 2

AGK promotes the proliferation of
pancreatic cancer cells. (A) Correlation analysis between AGK
expression and MKI67, CCNB1, CCND1 or MYC was
performed using the GEPIA database. (B) AGK protein levels were
measured in AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells transfected with EV or
AGK-overexpressing plasmids (Flag-AGK) by western blot analysis
using an anti-Flag antibody. GAPDH served as a loading control.
AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells were transfected with EV or Flag-AGK
plasmids for 48 h, followed by qPCR analysis of (C) MYC, (D)
MKI67 and (E) CCNB1 expression. GAPDH was used as an
internal control. (F) The viability of AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells
transfected with indicated plasmids was assessed at indicated time
points by CCK-8 assay. (G) Representative crystal violet-stained
colonies of AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells transfected with EV or
Flag-AGK. (H) Quantification of colony numbers from three
independent experiments (mean ± SD). Data are representative of
three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. AGK,
acylglycerol kinase; GEPIA, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive
Analysis; EV, empty vector; qPCR, quantitative PCR.

Figure 3

Knockdown of AGK inhibits cell growth
of pancreatic cancer. AGK knockdown efficiency was validated in
AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells transfected with control (si-NC) or
AGK-targeting (si-AGK) siRNAs by (A) qPCR and (B) western blot
analyses. (C) Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay in AsPC-1
and PANC-1 cells after AGK knockdown. (D) Colony formation assay of
PANC-1 cells transfected with si-NC or si-AGK. Upper:
representative crystal violet staining images; lower:
quantification of colony numbers. (E) Wound healing assay for
migration of PANC-1 cells with or without AGK knockdown. Upper:
Representative wound images at 0 h and 48 h; lower: Quantification
of wound healing percentage. Scale bars, 200 µm. (F) Transwell
invasion assay of PANC-1 cells transfected with si-NC or si-AGK.
Upper: Representative staining images of invaded cells; lower:
Quantification of invaded cells per field. Scale bars, 200 µm. (G)
In vivo tumor growth assay. PANC-1 ×enograft-bearing mice
were intratumorally injected with si-NC or si-AGK on days 0, 7, and
14 (arrows). Tumor volumes were measured every three days. (H)
Tumors were excised and weighed at the endpoint (day 21). (I) AGK
mRNA levels in harvested tumors were analyzed by qPCR. Data are
mean ± SD, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.
AGK, acylglycerol kinase; si, short interfering; NC, negative
control; qPCR, quantitative PCR.

Figure 4

AGK exerts its function by regulating
NF-κB signaling. AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells harboring NF-κB-driven
luciferase reporter were transfected with (A) AGK-overexpressing
plasmids or (B) AGK-targeting siRNAs for 48 h, followed by
dual-luciferase assay. (C) Representative western blots showing
Flag-AGK, p-IKKα/β, total IKKα/β, p-IκBα, total IκBα, and GAPDH in
AsPC-1 (left) and PANC-1 (right) cells transfected with EV or
Flag-AGK. (D) Quantitative analysis of the normalized ratio of
phosphorylated IKKα/β (p-IKKα/β) to total IKKα/β from panel C. (E)
Representative western blots showing p65 subcellular localization
in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of cells transfected with EV
or Flag-AGK. GAPDH (cytosolic) and H3 (nuclear) served as loading
controls. (F) Representative western blotting results of p-p65 and
total p65 in AGK-overexpressing AsPC-1 and PANC-1 cells. (G)
Quantitative analysis of the normalized ratio of phosphorylated p65
(p-p65) to total p65 from panel F. (H) Representative western
blotting results of p-p65 and total p65 in AGK-knockdown AsPC-1 and
PANC-1 cells. (I) Quantitative analysis of the normalized ratio of
phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) to total p65 from panel H. (J) Western
blot showing that p65 knockdown (si-p65) abolishes AGK-induced p65
phosphorylation. (K) Quantitative analysis of the normalized ratio
of phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) to total p65 from panel J. (L) qPCR
analysis showing that AGK-mediated upregulation of MYC mRNA is
dependent on p65. (M) CCK-8 assay demonstrating that p65 knockdown
attenuated AGK-induced cell proliferation. (N) AsPC-1 and (O)
PANC-1 cells overexpressed with AGK were incubated with vehicle or
0.5 µM QNZ for 48 h, followed by CCK-8 assay. Data were presented
as mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001,
****P<0.0001. AGK, acylglycerol kinase; p-, phosphorylated; EV,
empty vector; si, short interfering; NC, negative control; qPCR,
quantitative PCR; QNZ.,
N4-[2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1,2-dihydroquinazoline-4,6-diamine.

Figure 5

Response to therapeutic drugs in
human pancreatic cancer cells. AsPC-1 (left) and PANC-1 (right)
cells were transfected with si-NC or si-AGK, and dose-response
curves along with IC50 values for (A) nab-paclitaxel and (B)
gemcitabine were determined. The viability of AsPC-1 and PANC-1
cells overexpressing AGK was assessed after treatment with
increasing concentrations of (C) nab-paclitaxel and (D) gemcitabine
for 72 h by CCK-8 assay. (E) Representative images of clonogenic
survival assays are shown for PANC-1 cells transfected with EV or
Flag-AGK and exposure to the indicated doses of X-ray irradiation.
F. Clonogenic survival fractions were calculated based on the data
from (E) Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). *P<0.05,
**P<0.01, ****P<0.0001. si, short interfering; NC, negative
control; AGK, acylglycerol kinase; EV, empty vector.

Figure 6

Schematic illustration of
AGK-mediated cellular proliferation and radio/chemoresistance
mechanisms. AGK upregulation promotes p65 phosphorylation at Ser536
and nuclear translocation, thereby activating NF-κB pathway.
Subsequently, NF-κB pathway activation induces the expression of
MYC, CCNB1 and CCND1, which promotes tumor
proliferation and confers resistance of chemotherapy and
radiotherapy by enhancing cell cycle progression and survival
mechanisms. AGK, acylglycerol kinase;
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Han K, Zhang Q, Gao S, Zhang J, Mei X, Li F, Xu X, Li S and Chen G: Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑&kappa;B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Rep 56: 140, 2026.
APA
Han, K., Zhang, Q., Gao, S., Zhang, J., Mei, X., Li, F. ... Chen, G. (2026). Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑&kappa;B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Oncology Reports, 56, 140. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9145
MLA
Han, K., Zhang, Q., Gao, S., Zhang, J., Mei, X., Li, F., Xu, X., Li, S., Chen, G."Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑&kappa;B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Reports 56.2 (2026): 140.
Chicago
Han, K., Zhang, Q., Gao, S., Zhang, J., Mei, X., Li, F., Xu, X., Li, S., Chen, G."Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑&kappa;B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Reports 56, no. 2 (2026): 140. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9145
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Han K, Zhang Q, Gao S, Zhang J, Mei X, Li F, Xu X, Li S and Chen G: Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑&kappa;B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Rep 56: 140, 2026.
APA
Han, K., Zhang, Q., Gao, S., Zhang, J., Mei, X., Li, F. ... Chen, G. (2026). Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑&kappa;B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Oncology Reports, 56, 140. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9145
MLA
Han, K., Zhang, Q., Gao, S., Zhang, J., Mei, X., Li, F., Xu, X., Li, S., Chen, G."Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑&kappa;B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Reports 56.2 (2026): 140.
Chicago
Han, K., Zhang, Q., Gao, S., Zhang, J., Mei, X., Li, F., Xu, X., Li, S., Chen, G."Acylglycerol kinase contributes to cell proliferation by activating NF‑&kappa;B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Reports 56, no. 2 (2026): 140. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9145
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