Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
World Academy of Sciences Journal
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2632-2900 Online ISSN: 2632-2919
Journal Cover
November-December 2025 Volume 7 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-December 2025 Volume 7 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.PDF
Article Open Access

Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of Spinifex littoreus: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant

  • Authors:
    • John Vedhamani
    • Issac Newton Paul Ajithkumar
    • Jay Shree Mathivanan
    • Selvaraj Karthick Raja Namasivayam
    • Chandramohan Suganya Vasavi
    • Suvaiyarasan Suvaithenamudhan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Botany, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620017, India, Department of Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620017, India, Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Amrita School of Artificial Intelligence, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560035, India, Department of Research, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600078, India
    Copyright: © Vedhamani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 102
    |
    Published online on: September 4, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.390
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The COVID‑19 pandemic has presented a significant global public health crisis, putting forth a pressing need for natural remedies against the virus. The present study aimed to identify potential inhibitors of viral replication from Spinifex littoreus (Burm.f.) Merr. and to assess its ability to delay the binding of human angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 receptors with viral proteins through molecular docking. The screening of phytoconstituents from Spinifex littoreus, a coastal grass, was conducted and validated by gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry (GC‑MS) to discover potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) antagonists. A total of six different solvents were used for plant extraction via a Soxhlet apparatus followed by the qualitative estimation of secondary metabolites and quantification of major metabolites. The lead compound was then docked against the spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS‑CoV‑2 using the Autodock tool. GC‑MS analysis revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, with phenols being the most abundant. A compound named 1-methylene‑2b‑hydroxymethyl‑3,3‑dimethyl‑4b‑(3‑methylbut‑2-enyl)-cyclohexane (SL-MHDC), eluted by both methanol and chloroform was identified as particularly abundant. Subsequently, the molecular docking of this compound against the spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS‑CoV‑2 had a binding energy of ‑4.86 kcal/mol, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that Spinifex littoreus extracts contain beneficial compounds, particularly phenols that are effective against SARS‑CoV‑2. Further research is warranted for the validation of these findings in an experimental setup and the possible translation of this therapeutic intervention from bench to bedside.
View Figures

Figure 1

Concentration of phenol, terpenoids,
flavonoids, tannin and alkaloids in Spinifex littoreus
leaflet.

Figure 2

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
chromatogram image of chloroform-mediated Spinifex littoreus
extracts exhibiting 20 different peaks.

Figure 3

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
chromatogram image of the ethanolic extract of Spinifex
littoreus exhibiting 11 different screened compounds.

Figure 4

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
chromatogram of methanolic extract of Spinifex
littoreus.

Figure 5

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
chromatogram of Spinifex littoreus ethyl acetate extract
exhibiting 17 peaks.

Figure 6

Spike glycoprotein and
1-methylene-2b-hydroxymethyl-3,3-dimethyl-4b-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-cylohexane
depicting the interaction and binding of the compound with spike
glycoprotein.

Figure 7

2D diagram representing the
interaction between the spike glycoprotein
and1-methylene-2b-hydroxymethyl-3,3-dimethyl-4b-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-cylohexane.

Figure 8

MDS for the SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1
integrated with SL-MHDC. (A) Time-dependent RMSD of the SARS-CoV-2
XBB.1 backbone is shown in green and SL-MHDC ligand is represented
in cherry rose with the bounds of 30 nsec trajectory. Equilibrium
attains at ~13 nsec within 1.5 Å with negligible non-uniformities.
(B) Protein-ligand contacts: Bar chart depicting interaction
fractions (x-axis) and interacting residues (y-axis). MDS,
molecular dynamics simulations; RMSD, root-mean-square
deviation.
View References

1 

Morens DM and Fauci AS: Emerging pandemic diseases: How we got to COVID-19. Cell. 182:1077–1092. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G and Tan W: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 323:1843–1844. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD and Fouchier RA: Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 367:1814–1820. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, et al: A novel coronavirus from patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 382:727–733. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Pilia E, Belletti A, Fresilli S, Lee TC, Zangrillo A, Finco G and Landoni G: full anticoagulation. The effect of heparin full-dose anticoagulation on survival of hospitalized, non-critically Ill COVID-19 patients: A meta-analysis of high quality studies. Lung. 201:135–147. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Mehta OP, Bhandari P, Raut A, Kacimi SEO and Huy NT: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Comprehensive review of clinical presentation. Front Public Health. 8(582932)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Mustafa M, Abbas K, Ahmad R, Ahmad W, Tantry IQ, Islam S, Moinuddin Alam M, Hassan M, Usmani N and Habib S: Unmasking vulnerabilities in the age of COVID-19 (Review). World Acad Sci J. 7(2)2025.

8 

Cheng F, Li W, Zhou Y, Shen J, Wu Z, Liu G, Lee PW and Tang Y: admet SAR: A comprehensive source and free tool for assessment of chemical ADMET properties. J Chem Inf Model. 52:3099–3105. 2012.

9 

Low KO, Md Iqbal N, Ahmad A and Johari N: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Delta, Omicron and XBB variant using colorimetric reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and specific primers. World Acad Sci J. 7(50)2025.

10 

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, et al: SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 181:271–280.e8. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Selvavinayagam ST, Karishma SJ, Hemashree K, Yong YK, Suvaithenamudhan S, Rajeshkumar M, Aswathy B, Kalaivani V, Priyanka J, Kumaresan A, et al: Clinical characteristics and novel mutations of omicron subvariant XBB in Tamil Nadu, India - a cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia. 19(100272)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Malik YS, Sircar S, Bhat S, Sharun K, Dhama K, Dadar M, Tiwari R and Chaicumpa W: Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments. Vet Q. 40:68–76. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Zumla A, Chan JF, Azhar EI, Hui DS and Yuen KY: Coronaviruses-drug discovery and therapeutic options. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 15:327–347. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

De Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D and Munster VJ: SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 14:523–534. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Anand K, Ziebuhr J, Wadhwani P, Mesters JR and Hilgenfeld R: Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: Basis for design of anti-SARS drugs. Science. 300:1763–1767. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Needle D, Lountos GT and Waugh DS: Structures of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3C-like protease reveal insights into substrate specificity. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 71:1102–1111. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Xu J, Zhao S, Teng T, Abdalla AE, Zhu W, Xie L, Wang Y and Guo X: Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses. 12(244)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Talluri S: Computational protein design of bacteriocins based on structural scaffold of aureocin A53. Int J. Bioinformatics Research and Applications. 15:129–143. 2019.

19 

Talluri S: Molecular docking and virtual screening based prediction of drugs for COVID-19. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 24:716–728. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Jalota K, Sharma V, Agarwal C and Jindal S: Eco-friendly approaches to phytochemical production: Elicitation and beyond. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 14(5)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Wang YM, Ran XK, Riaz M, Yu M, Cai Q, Dou DQ, Metwaly AM, Kang TG and Cai DC: Chemical constituents of stems and leaves of Tagetespatula L. and its fingerprint. Molecules. 24(3911)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG and Lightfoot DA: Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants (Basel). 6(42)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Vedhamani J, Ajithkumar IP and Jemima EA: Exploring the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer potentials of Spinifex littoreus Burm f. Merr. against human cervical cancer. Plant Sci Today. 11:242–251. 2024.

24 

Connor HE: Breeding systems in Indomalesian Spinifex (Paniceae: Gramineae). BLUMEA. 41:445–454. 1996.

25 

Sen UK and Bhakat RK: Ethnobotanical study on sand-dune based medicinal plants and traditional therapies in coastal Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India. Eur J Med Plants. 26:1–19. 2019.

26 

Neamsuvan O, Singdam P, Yingcharoen K and Sengnon N: A survey of medicinal plants in mangrove and beach forests from sating Phra Peninsula, Songkhla Province, Thailand. J Med Plants Res. 6:2421–2437. 2012.

27 

Shakila K: Bioactive Flavonids of Spinifex littoreus (Burm. f.) merr-investigation by elisa method. J Stress Physiol Biochem. 16:107–112. 2020.

28 

Thirunavukkarasu P, Ramanathan T, Ramkumar L and Balasubramanian T: Anti microbial effect of a coastal sand dune plant of Spinifex littoreus (Burm. f.) Merr. Curr Res J Biol Sci. 2:283–285. 2010.

29 

Dampalla CS, Kim Y, Bickmeier N, Rathnayake AD, Nguyen HN, Zheng J, Kashipathy MM, Baird MA, Battaile KP, Lovell S, et al: Structure-guided design of conformationally constrained cyclohexane inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 3CL protease. J Med Chem. 64:10047–10058. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Nallaiyah VJ and Newton PAI: Antimicrobial and larvicidal efficacy of the methanolic extract of Spinifex littoreus (Burm F.) Merr. Biotech Res Asia. 21:1575–1582. 2024.

31 

Redfern J, Kinninmonth M, Burdass D and Verran J: Using soxhlet ethanol extraction to produce and test plant material (essential oils) for their antimicrobial properties. J Microbiol Biol Educ. 15:45–46. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Geetha TS and Geetha N: Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of primary and secondary metabolites of Cymbopogancitratus (DC) Stapf. leaves from Kodaikanal hills, Tamilnadu. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 6:521–529. 2014.

33 

Arya V, Thakur N and Kashyap CP: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts of Psidium leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 1:1–5. 2012.

34 

Mohammed J, Oba OA and Aydinlik NP: Preliminary phytochemical screening, gc-ms, FT-IR analysis of ethanolic extracts of Rosmarinus Officinalis, Coriandrum Sativum L. and Mentha Spicata. Hacettepe J Biol Chem. 51:93–102. 2023.

35 

Jose JK, Sudhakaran S, Sony J and Variyar E: A comparative evaluation of anticancer activities of flavonoids isolated from Mimosa pudica, Aloe vera and Phyllanthus niruri against human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) using MTT assay. Int J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 6:319–322. 2014.

36 

Ayoola GA, Coker HAB, Adesegun SA, Adepoju-Bello AA, Obaweya K, Ezennia EC and Atangbayila TO: Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some selected -3medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in Southwestern Nigeria. Trop J Pharm Res. 7:1019–1024. 2008.

37 

Yusuf AZ, Zakir A, Shemau Z, Abdullahi M and Halima SA: Phytochemical analysis of the methanol leaves extract of Paullinia pinnata linn. J. Pharmacognosy Phytother. 6:10–16. 2014.

38 

Krishnaiah D, Sarbatly R and Bono A: Phytochemical antioxidants for health and medicine: A move towards nature. Biotechnol Mol Biol Rev. 1:097–104. 2007.

39 

Sandosh TA, Peter MPJ and Raj JY: Phytochemical analysis of Stylosanthesfruticosa using UV-VIS, FTIR and GC-MS. Res J Chem Sci. 3:14–23. 2013.

40 

Shamsa F, Monsef H, Ghamooshi R and Verdian-Rizi M: Spectrophotometric determination of total alkaloids in some Iranian medicinal plants. Thai J Pharm Sci. 32:17–20. 2008.

41 

Ghorai N, Chakraborty S, Gucchait S, Saha SK and Biswas S: Estimation of total Terpenoids concentration in plant tissues using a monoterpene, Linalool as standard reagent. Protocol Exchange. 1–6. 2012.

42 

Marinova D, Ribarova F and Atanassova M: Total phenolics and flavonoids in Bulgarian fruits and vegetables. JU Chem Metal. 40:255–260. 2005.

43 

Van Buren JP and Robinson WB: Formation of complexes between protein and tannic acid. J Agric Food Chem. 17:772–777. 1969.

44 

Taylor B: The International System of Units (SI), 2008 Edition, Special Publication (NIST SP). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2008. Accessed on July 8, 2025. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.330e2008.

45 

Iordache A, Culea M, Gherman C and Cozar O: Characterization of some plant extracts by GC-MS. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B. 267:338–342. 2009.

46 

Daina A, Michielin O and Zoete V: SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci Rep. 7(42717)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Eberhardt J, Santos-Martins D, Tillack AF and Forli S: AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New docking methods, expanded force field, and python bindings. J Chem Inf Model. 61:3891–3898. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Trott O and Olson AJ: AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. J Comput Chem. 31:455–461. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Morris GM, Huey R, Lindstrom W, Sanner MF, Belew RK, Goodsell DS and Olson AJ: AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility. J Comput Chem. 30:2785–2791. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Bowers KJ, Chow E, Xu H, Dror RO, Eastwood MP, Gregersen BA, Klepeis JL, Kolossvary I, Moraes MA, Sacerdoti FD, et al: Scalable algorithms for molecular dynamics simulations on commodity clusters'. Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE SC2006 Conference on High Performance Networking and Computing, New York, NY, 11-17, 2006.

51 

Ajuru MG, Williams LF and Ajuru G: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of some plants used in ethnomedicine in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. J Food Nutr Sci. 5:198–205. 2017.

52 

Rechab SO, Ngugi CM, Maina EG, Madivoli ES, Kareru PG, Mutembei JK, Kairigo PK, Cheruiyot K and Ruto MC: Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties of Entadaleptostachya and Prosopisjuliflora extracts. J Med Plants Econ Dev. 2:1–8. 2018.

53 

Chandran M, Vivek P and Kesavan D: Phytochemical screening and anti-bacterial studies in salt marsh plant extracts (Spinifex Littoreus (Burm. f) Merr. and Heliotropium Curassavicum L.). Recent Trends Biotechnol Chem Eng. 6:4307–11. 2014.

54 

Koche D, Shirsat R and Kawale MA: An overview of major classes of phytochemicals: their types and role in disease prevention. Hislopia J. 9:1–11. 2016.

55 

Shirsat R, Suradkar S and Koche D: Some phenolic compounds from Salvia plebeia. Biosci Discov. 3:61–63. 2012.

56 

Wink M, Schmeller T and Latz-Brüning B: Modes of action of allelochemical alkaloids: Interaction with neuroreceptors, DNA, and other molecular targets. J Chem Ecol. 24:1881–1937. 1998.

57 

Langenheim JH: Higher plant terpenoids: A phytocentric overview of their ecological roles. J Chem Ecol. 20:1223–1280. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Dudareva N, Pichersky E and Gershenzon J: Biochemistry of plant volatiles. Plant Physiol. 135:1893–1902. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Dai J and Mumper RJ: Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules. 15:7313–7352. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Khatri S, Paramanya A and Ali A: Phenolic acids and their health-promoting activity. Plant Human Health. 2:661–680. 2019.

61 

Singh B and Sharma RA: Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech. 5:129–151. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Thoppil RJ and Bishayee A: Terpenoids as potential chemopreventive and therapeutic agents in liver cancer. World J Hepatol. 3:228–249. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Subiono T, Sadarudin   and Tavip MA: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of leaves, bark and roots of Antiaris toxicaria Lesch, a promising natural medicinal plant and source of pesticides. Plant Sci Today. 10:5–10. 2023.

64 

Ouandaogo HS, Diallo S, Odari E and Kinyua J: Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Leaves. ACS Omega. 8:47560–47572. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Konappa N, Udayashankar AC, Krishnamurthy S, Pradeep CK, Chowdappa S and Jogaiah S: GC-MS analysis of phytoconstituents from Amomum nilgiricum and molecular docking interactions of bioactive serverogenin acetate with target proteins. Sci Rep. 10(16438)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Iikasha AMN, Bock R and Mumbengegwi DR: Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants against laboratory diarrheal bacteria strains. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 6:2337–2342. 2017.

67 

Tiwari P, Kumar B, Kaur M, Kaur G and Kaur H: Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. Int Pharm Sci. 1:98–106. 2011.

68 

Ponnamma SU and Manjunath K: GC-MS Analysis of phytocomponents in the methanolic extract of Justiciawynaadensis (nees) T. anders. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 3:570–576. 2012.

69 

Kim DH, Park MH, Choi YJ, Chung KW, Park CH, Jang EJ, An HJ, Yu BP and Chung HY: Molecular study of dietary heptadecane for the anti-inflammatory modulation of NF-kB in the aged kidney. PLoS One. 8(e59316)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Marrufo T, Nazzaro F, Mancini E, Fratianni F, Coppola R, De Martino L, Agostinho AB and De Feo V: Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil from leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivated in Mozambique. Molecules. 18:10989–11000. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Ma J, Xu RR, Lu Y, Ren DF and Lu J: Composition, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activity of cold-pressed seed oils from Paeonialactiflora and Paeoniaostii. J Food Sci. 80:2465–2474. 2015.

72 

Katz DH, Marcelletti JF, Khalil MH, Pope LE and Katz LR: Antiviral activity of 1-docosanol, an inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 88:10825–10829. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Vedhamani J, Paul Ajithkumar I, Mathivanan JS, Raja Namasivayam S, Vasavi C and Suvaithenamudhan S: Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of <em>Spinifex littoreus</em>: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant. World Acad Sci J 7: 102, 2025.
APA
Vedhamani, J., Paul Ajithkumar, I., Mathivanan, J.S., Raja Namasivayam, S., Vasavi, C., & Suvaithenamudhan, S. (2025). Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of <em>Spinifex littoreus</em>: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.390
MLA
Vedhamani, J., Paul Ajithkumar, I., Mathivanan, J. S., Raja Namasivayam, S., Vasavi, C., Suvaithenamudhan, S."Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of <em>Spinifex littoreus</em>: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 102.
Chicago
Vedhamani, J., Paul Ajithkumar, I., Mathivanan, J. S., Raja Namasivayam, S., Vasavi, C., Suvaithenamudhan, S."Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of <em>Spinifex littoreus</em>: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.390
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Vedhamani J, Paul Ajithkumar I, Mathivanan JS, Raja Namasivayam S, Vasavi C and Suvaithenamudhan S: Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of <em>Spinifex littoreus</em>: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant. World Acad Sci J 7: 102, 2025.
APA
Vedhamani, J., Paul Ajithkumar, I., Mathivanan, J.S., Raja Namasivayam, S., Vasavi, C., & Suvaithenamudhan, S. (2025). Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of <em>Spinifex littoreus</em>: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.390
MLA
Vedhamani, J., Paul Ajithkumar, I., Mathivanan, J. S., Raja Namasivayam, S., Vasavi, C., Suvaithenamudhan, S."Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of <em>Spinifex littoreus</em>: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 102.
Chicago
Vedhamani, J., Paul Ajithkumar, I., Mathivanan, J. S., Raja Namasivayam, S., Vasavi, C., Suvaithenamudhan, S."Pharmacokinetics and computational profiling of <em>Spinifex littoreus</em>: Derived bioactive compounds against the Omicron XBB.1 variant". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.390
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team