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Review Open Access

Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Aradhya Sinha
    • Deepa G. Kamath
    • Nina Shenoy
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 575001, India, Department of Periodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018, India
    Copyright: © Sinha et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 119
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    Published online on: October 13, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.407
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Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis are chronic, progressive inflammatory disorders that exhibit a notable bidirectional association, increasingly recognized in both rheumatology and periodontology. Epidemiological research has revealed a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in individuals with RA, indicating an association that may reflect shared immunological mechanisms. Both conditions are characterized by immune dysregulation, involving the overproduction of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑17, which mediate tissue destruction in joints and periodontal tissues alike. A significant microbiological connection has been identified in periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis, which produces peptidyl arginine deiminase and induces protein citrullination. Notably, other microbes, such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, which can induce neutrophil hypercitrullination, have also been implicated in this association. These microbial mechanisms are considered to contribute to the formation of anti‑citrullinated protein antibodies, although causality has not been definitively established. Immunologically, the overlapping inflammatory cascades and shared genetic predispositions underscore the systemic link between the two diseases. Therapeutically, anti‑rheumatic treatments, particularly biologics targeting TNF‑α and IL‑6, may provide benefits in periodontal health; however, the currently available evidence remains inconsistent and not universally accepted. This inter‑association emphasizes the need for integrated medical‑dental approaches, promoting early diagnosis and collaborative management to improve overall patient outcomes and quality of life. The present review synthesizes evidence published since 2020, prioritizes testable salivary and microbial biomarker candidates (e.g., citrullinated vimentin, citrullinated α‑enolase/CEP‑1, neutrophil proteases and oral microbiome signatures), and translates these findings into practical screening and co‑management steps for rheumatologists and periodontists.
View Figures

Figure 1

Common pathogenic mechanisms. Shared
pathogenic mechanisms linking RA and periodontitis. Periodontal
infection and dysbiosis (notably Porphyromonas gingivalis
and other periodontopathogens) promote protein citrullination,
neutrophil hyperactivation and release of proteases and systemic
cytokine elevation (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17). These processes can
amplify anti-citrullinated protein antibody formation, receptor
activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand-driven
osteoclastogenesis and systemic inflammation that contribute to
synovial damage in RA and alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. RA,
rheumatoid arthritis.
View References

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Spandidos Publications style
Sinha A, Kamath DG and Shenoy N: Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review). World Acad Sci J 7: 119, 2025.
APA
Sinha, A., Kamath, D.G., & Shenoy, N. (2025). Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 119. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.407
MLA
Sinha, A., Kamath, D. G., Shenoy, N."Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 119.
Chicago
Sinha, A., Kamath, D. G., Shenoy, N."Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 119. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.407
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Sinha A, Kamath DG and Shenoy N: Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review). World Acad Sci J 7: 119, 2025.
APA
Sinha, A., Kamath, D.G., & Shenoy, N. (2025). Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 119. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.407
MLA
Sinha, A., Kamath, D. G., Shenoy, N."Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 119.
Chicago
Sinha, A., Kamath, D. G., Shenoy, N."Joint and oral health: The overlooked connection between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 119. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.407
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