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Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease

  • Authors:
    • Bilal Hamasalih Ahmed
    • Kaniaw Rafat Khafar
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq, Department of Medical Laboratory, Halabja Technical Institute, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
    Copyright: © Ahmed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 122
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    Published online on: October 21, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.410
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Abstract

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), are common endocrine disorders driven by immune mechanisms involving thyroid‑specific autoantibodies. The link between serum vitamin B12 levels and AITDs remains under debate due to conflicting findings in the literature. The present study aimed to compare serum vitamin B12 levels between patients with HT, GD and healthy controls, and to determine their correlations with thyroid function parameters and autoantibodies. A case‑control analysis was performed involving 120 participants aged 25‑60 years, with equal numbers (n=40) in each group: HT, GD and healthy controls. The levels of thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibodies, thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs) and vitamin B12 were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. The vitamin B12 status was classified as deficient (<197 pg/ml), borderline (197‑300 pg/ml) or normal (300‑771 pg/ml). Between‑group comparisons were performed using the Kruskal‑Wallis test, while correlations were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, with a threshold of P<0.05, indicating statistical significance. Analyses were conducted using SPSS software. No significant differences were observed in the vitamin B12 status (P=0.215) or median concentrations (P=0.556) across the HT, GD and control groups, and vitamin B12 did not correlate with thyroid function parameters or thyroid autoantibodies (all P>0.05). The patient groups exhibited expected disease‑specific TSH and autoantibody profiles (P<0.001). On the whole, the findings presented herein demonstrate a lack of an association between vitamin B12 levels and AITDs. The finding challenges the utility of routine B12 screening in patients with AITDs and highlights the need for large‑scale longitudinal research.
View Figures

Figure 1

Dot plots demonstrating the serum (A)
TSH, (B) anti-TPO and (C) TRAb concentrations for Hashimoto's
thyroiditis, Graves' disease and the control groups. Each dot
represents a participant. Median values are displayed as follows:
Solid line, healthy controls; dashed line, Hashimoto's thyroiditis;
dotted line, Graves' disease. Logarithmic scales are applied to the
y-axes. TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; anti-TPO, thyroid
peroxidase antibodies; TRAb, thyrotropin receptor antibody.

Figure 2

Spearman's rank correlation between
the serum vitamin B12 level and thyroid-related parameters among
study participants. (A-D) Scatter plots depicting the correlations
between serum vitamin B12 levels and thyroid function or autoimmune
markers: (A) TSH, (B) FT4, (C) TRAb, and (D) anti-TPO. Logarithmic
scales are applied to the y-axes. TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone;
FT4, free thyroxine; TRAb, thyrotropin receptor antibody; Anti-TPO,
anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies.
View References

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Ahmed BH and Khafar KR: Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease. World Acad Sci J 7: 122, 2025.
APA
Ahmed, B.H., & Khafar, K.R. (2025). Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 122. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.410
MLA
Ahmed, B. H., Khafar, K. R."Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 122.
Chicago
Ahmed, B. H., Khafar, K. R."Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 122. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.410
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Ahmed BH and Khafar KR: Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease. World Acad Sci J 7: 122, 2025.
APA
Ahmed, B.H., & Khafar, K.R. (2025). Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 122. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.410
MLA
Ahmed, B. H., Khafar, K. R."Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 122.
Chicago
Ahmed, B. H., Khafar, K. R."Vitamin B12 and thyroid autoimmunity: Comparative insights from Hashimoto's and Graves' disease". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 122. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.410
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