Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
World Academy of Sciences Journal
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2632-2900 Online ISSN: 2632-2919
Journal Cover
March-April 2026 Volume 8 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-April 2026 Volume 8 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Rashmi Verma
    • Anushka Kala
    • Rabia Basri Aziz
    • Richa Saxena
    • Naveen Gaurav
    • Bhupendra Singh Rawat
    • Indra Rautela
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun 248001, India, Department of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun 248001, India, Department of Physics, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
    Copyright: © Verma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 25
    |
    Published online on: February 16, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.440
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

To attain sustainability, green nanotechnology uses nanomaterials in conjunction with the biosynthesis of nanomaterials from naturally occurring bioactive agents, such as plant extracts, microorganisms, agricultural wastes, eggshells, vegetable peels, fruit peels and other biowaste. The large number of applications of metal nanoparticles in biological sciences and their broad utilisations across different fields, has sparked a wide field of interest. In order to conjugate these materials with antibodies, ligands and drugs of interest, they can be fabricated and modified with different chemical functional groups. This indicates a large number of future uses in different fields, such as biotechnology, magnetic separation, the pre‑concentration of target analytes, the targeted confinement of drugs, and vehicles for gene and drug delivery, although most importantly, diagnostic imaging. In the present review, applications of different metal nanoparticles, such as silver, gold, palladium, platinum, iron, selenium and copper synthesised using green methods are discussed. The present review also discusses the current challenges and future prospects of green synthesised metal nanoparticles. It is hoped that this information will prove to be helpful for promoting a sustainable environment. This will assist in the application of metal nanoparticles in different fields.
View Figures

Figure 1

Methods used for the synthesis of
nanoparticles.

Figure 2

Mechanisms involved in the green
synthesis of nanoparticles. SEM, as scanning electron microscopy;
TEM, transmission electron microscopy; FTIR, Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy; XRD, X-ray diffraction; EDX,
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; DLS, dynamic light
scattering
View References

1 

Kim DH, Gopal J and Sivanesan I: Nanomaterials in plant tissue culture: The disclosed and undisclosed. RSC Adv. 7:36492–36505. 2017.

2 

Taniguchi N: On the basic concept of nanotechnology. Proceedings of the International Conference on Production Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, pp18-23, 1974.

3 

Mukherjee A: Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Int J Multidiscip Res. 6:1–8. 2024.

4 

Eric DK: Engines of creation: The coming era of nanotechnology. New York: Anchor, 1986.

5 

Thrall JH: Nanotechnology and medicine. Radiology. 230:315–318. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Rauwel P, Küünal S, Ferdov S and Rauwel E: A review on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their morphologies studied via TEM. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2015:1–9. 2015.

7 

Monica RC and Cremonini R: Nanoparticles and higher plants. Caryologia. 62:161–165. 2009.

8 

Ahmed S, Saifullah Ahmad M, Swami BL and Ikram S: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 9:1–7. 2016.

9 

Kelly KL, Coronado E, Zhao LL and Schatz GC: The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: The influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment. J Phys Chem B. 107:668–677. 2003.

10 

Zeng J, Zhang Q, Chen J and Xia Y: A comparison study of the catalytic properties of Au-based nanocages, nanoboxes, and nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 10:30–35. 2010.

11 

Chaudhry N, Dwivedi S, Chaudhry V, Singh A, Saquib Q, Azam A and Musarrat J: Bio-inspired nanomaterials in agriculture and food: Current status, foreseen applications and challenges. Microb Pathog. 123:196–200. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Kolahalam LA, Kasi Viswanath IV, Diwakar BS, Govindh B, Reddy V and Murthy YLN: Review on nanomaterials: Synthesis and applications. Mater Today Proc. 18:2182–2190. 2019.

13 

Meyer RA, Sunshine JC and Green JJ: Biomimetic particles as therapeutics. Trends Biotechnol. 33:514–524. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Singh R, Altaee A and Gautam S: Nanomaterials in the advancement of hydrogen energy storage. Heliyon. 6(e04487)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Liu Y, Liu X, Wang X and Jiang H: AI-empowered electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications: Technological advances and future challenges. Biosensors (Basel). 15(487)2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Zhang B, Biswal BK, Zhang J and Balasubramanian R: Hydrothermal treatment of biomass feedstocks for sustainable production of chemicals, fuels, and materials: Progress and perspectives. Chem Rev. 123:7193–7294. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Roduner E: Size matters: Why nanomaterials are different. Chem Soc Rev. 35:583–592. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Aijaz A, Fujiwara N and Xu Q: From metal-organic framework to nitrogen-decorated nanoporous carbons: High CO2 uptake and efficient catalytic oxygen reduction. J Am Chem Soc. 136:6790–6793. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Gabiam EN, Erk N, Genc AA, Sert B, Harputlu E and Lotfy HM: Development of a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for detecting the antipsychotic agent cariprazine in pharmaceutical capsules and biological fluids using boron nitride quantum dots. ChemistrySelect. 10(e00548)2025.

20 

Gabiam EN, Erk N, Genc AA, Bouali W, Soylak M, Salamat Q and Ahmed HEH: Synthesize of NiSe2/Mo-MOF nanocomposite for sensitive determination of antiretroviral agent dolutegravir in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. J Electroanal Chem. 986(119096)2025.

21 

Wei C, Cho K and Srivastava D: Tensile strength of carbon nanotubes under realistic temperature and strain rate. Phys Rev B. 67(115407)2003.

22 

Abdelgadir A, Adnan M, Patel M, Saxena J, Alam MJ, Alshahrani MM, Singh R, Sachidanandan M, Badraoui R and Siddiqui AJ: Probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-LS): A sustainable approach and multifaceted biomedical application. Heliyon. 10(e37987)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Singh P, Singh KR, Verma R, Singh J and Singh RP: Efficient electro-optical characteristics of bioinspired iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Terminalia chebula dried seed extract. Mater Lett. 307(131053)2022.

24 

Ling D, Lee N and Hyeon T: Chemical synthesis and assembly of uniformly sized iron oxide nanoparticles for medical applications. Acc Chem Res. 48:1276–1285. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Gubin SP, Koksharov YA, Khomutov GB and Yurkov GY: Magnetic nanoparticles: Preparation, structure and properties. Russ Chem Rev. 74:489–520. 2005.

26 

Tai CY, Tai CT, Chang MH and Liu HS: Synthesis of Magnesium Hydroxide and Oxide Nanoparticles Using a Spinning Disk Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res. 46:5536–5541. 2007.

27 

Raghupathi KR, Koodali RT and Manna AC: Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Langmuir. 27:4020–4028. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Fujishima A, Zhang X and Tryk DA: TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf Sci Rep. 63:515–582. 2008.

29 

Qu X, Alvarez PJJ and Li Q: Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment. Water Res. 47:3931–3946. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Gupta AK and Gupta M: Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials. 26:3995–4021. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Armand M and Tarascon JM: Building better batteries. Nature. 451:652–657. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Singh P, Kim YJ, Zhang D and Yang DC: Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol. 34:588–599. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Kahru A and Dubourguier HC: From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology. Toxicology. 269:105–119. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Geim AK and Novoselov KS: The rise of graphene. Nat Mater. 6:183–191. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Baker SN and Baker GA: Luminescent carbon nanodots: Emergent nanolights. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 49:6726–6744. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Kumari A, Yadav SK and Yadav SC: Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 75:1–18. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Vauthier C and Bouchemal K: Methods for the preparation and manufacture of polymeric nanoparticles. Pharm Res. 26:1025–1058. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Wong HL, Rauth AM, Bendayan R and Wu XY: In vivo evaluation of a new polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) formulation of doxorubicin in a murine solid tumor model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 65:300–308. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Hans ML and Lowman AM: Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 6:319–327. 2002.

40 

Panyam J and Labhasetwar V: Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissue. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 55:329–347. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Dash TK and Konkimalla VB: Poly-є-caprolactone based formulations for drug delivery and tissue engineering: A review. J Control Release. 158:15–33. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Kah M, Beulke S, Tiede K and Hofmann T: Nanopesticides: State of knowledge, environmental fate, and exposure modeling. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 43:1823–1867. 2013.

43 

Allen TM and Cullis PR: Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 65:36–48. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Mehnert W and Mäder K: Solid lipid nanoparticles: Production, characterization and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 64 (Suppl):S83–S101. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Müller RH, Radtke M and Wissing SA: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 54 (Suppl 1):S131–S155. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Hou X, Zaks T, Langer R and Dong Y: Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery. Nat Rev Mater. 6:1078–1094. 2021.

47 

Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW and Weissman D: mRNA vaccines-a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 17:261–279. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, et al: Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 383:2603–2615. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Cullis PR and Hope MJ: Lipid nanoparticle systems for enabling gene therapies. Mol Ther. 25:1467–1475. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Buschmann MD, Carrasco MJ, Alishetty S, Paige M, Alameh MG and Weissman D: Nanomaterial delivery systems for mRNA vaccines. Vaccines (Basel). 9(65)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Resch-Genger U, Grabolle M, Cavaliere-Jaricot S, Nitschke R and Nann T: Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels. Nat Methods. 5:763–775. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Dhariwal J, Rao GK and Vaya D: Recent advancements towards the green synthesis of carbon quantum dots as an innovative and eco-friendly solution for metal ion sensing and monitoring. RSC Sustainability. 2:11–36. 2024.

53 

Carter CB and Norton MG: Ceramic materials: Science and engineering. 2nd edition. Springer, New York, 2013.

54 

Diebold U: The surface science of titanium dioxide. Surf Sci Rep. 48:53–229. 2003.

55 

Bergna HE and Roberts WO: Colloidal silica: Fundamentals and applications. 1st edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005.

56 

Vallet-Regí M, Balas F and Arcos D: Mesoporous materials for drug delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 46:7548–7558. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Dorozhkin SV: Calcium orthophosphate-based bioceramics. Materials. 2:399–498. 2009.

58 

Roco MC, Mirkin CA and Hersam MC: Nanotechnology research directions for societal needs in 2020. Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer, pp690, 2011.

59 

Barsoum MW: Fundamentals of ceramics. 2nd Edition. CRC press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781498708166.

60 

Pankhurst QA, Connolly J, Jones SK and Dobson JJ: Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine. J Phys D Appl Phys. 36(R167)2003.

61 

Gao J, Gu H and Xu B: Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles: Design, synthesis, and biomedical applications. Acc Chem Res. 42:1097–1107. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Fert A: Nobel lecture: Origin, development, and future of spintronics. Rev Mod Phys. 80:1517–1530. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Huang X, Wu H, Pu S, Zhang W, Liao X and Shi B: One-step room-temperature synthesis of Au@Pd core-shell nanoparticles with tunable structure using plant tannin as reductant and stabilizer. Green Chem. 13:950–957. 2011.

64 

Caruso F: Nanoengineering of particle surfaces. Adv Mater. 13:11–22. 2001.

65 

Astruc D, Lu F and Aranzaes JR: Nanoparticles as recyclable catalysts: The frontier between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 44:7852–7872. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Mondal K and Sharma A: Recent advances in the synthesis and application of photocatalytic metal-metal oxide core-shell nanoparticles for environmental remediation and their recycling process. RSC Advances. 6:83589–83612. 2016.

67 

Zhang L, Gu FX, Chan JM, Wang AZ, Langer RS and Farokhzad OC: Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 83:761–769. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Shaker K, Jabbar M, Awais H, Abbas A, Nordin AH, Ilyas RA, San Khoo P and Suryanegara L: Synthesis, properties, and environmental applications of magnetic nanocellulose composites. J Environ Chem Eng. 13(119494)2025.

69 

Astruc D, Boisselier E and Ornelas C: Dendrimers designed for functions: From physical, photophysical, and supramolecular properties to applications in sensing, catalysis, molecular electronics, photonics, and nanomedicine. Chem Rev. 110:1857–1959. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Cheng Y, Xu Z, Ma M and Xu T: Dendrimers as drug carriers: Applications in different routes of drug administration. J Pharm Sci. 97:123–143. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Tomalia DA, Naylor AM and Goddard WA: Starburst dendrimers: Molecular-level control of size, shape, surface chemistry, topology, and flexibility from atoms to macroscopic matter. Angew Chem Int Ed. 29:138–175. 1990.

72 

Devatha CP and Thalla AK: Green synthesis of nanomaterials. In: Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials. Elsevier, pp169-184, 2018.

73 

Azzazy HME, Mansour MMH, Samir TM and Franco R: Gold nanoparticles in the clinical laboratory: Principles of preparation and applications. Clin Chem Lab Med. 50:193–209. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

74 

Alanazi FK, Radwan AA and Alsarra IA: Biopharmaceutical applications of nanogold. Saudi Pharm J. 18:179–193. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Shi J, Kantoff PW, Wooster R and Farokhzad OC: Cancer nanomedicine: Progress, challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer. 17:20–37. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

76 

Li G, Li J and Yang Z: An electrochemical sensor based on graphene-chitosan-cyclodextrin modification for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Carbon Lett. 34:495–504. 2024.

77 

Chowdhury MA, Iqbal MZ, Rana MM, Hossain N, Shahin M, Islam MA and Rahman MM: Green synthesis of novel green ceramic-based nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel technique for diverse industrial application. Results Surf Interf. 14(100178)2024.

78 

Fardsadegh B and Jafarizadeh-Malmiri H: Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their In vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains. Green Process Synth. 8:399–407. 2019.

79 

Rana A, Yadav K and Jagadevan S: A comprehensive review on green synthesis of nature-inspired metal nanoparticles: Mechanism, application and toxicity. J Clean Prod. 272(122880)2020.

80 

Rahuman HBF, Dhandapani R, Narayanan S, Palanivel V, Paramasivam R, Subbarayalu R, Thangavelu S and Muthupandian S: Medicinal plants mediated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. IET Nanobiotechnol. 16:115–144. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

81 

Syed A and Ahmad A: Extracellular biosynthesis of platinum nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 97:27–31. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Mukherjee P, Ahmad A, Mandal D, Senapati S, Sainkar SR, Khan MI, Parishcha R, Ajaykumar PV, Alam M, Kumar R and Sastry M: Fungus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their immobilization in the mycelial matrix: A novel biological approach to nanoparticle synthesis. Nano Lett. 1:515–519. 2001.

83 

Jones N, Ray B, Ranjit KT and Manna AC: Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle suspensions on a broad spectrum of microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 279:71–76. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

84 

Gericke M and Pinches A: Microbial production of gold nanoparticles. Gold Bull. 39:22–28. 2006.

85 

Durán N, Marcato PD, Alves OL, De Souza GIH and Esposito E: Mechanistic aspects of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by several Fusarium oxysporum strains. J Nanobiotechnology. 3(8)2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Kalimuthu K, Babu RS, Venkataraman D, Bilal M and Gurunathan S: Biosynthesis of silver nanocrystals by Bacillus licheniformis. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 65:150–153. 2008.

87 

Seth R and Meena A: Enzymes-based nanomaterial synthesis: An eco-friendly and green synthesis approach. Clean Technol Environ Policy. 27:5775–5798. 2024.

88 

Sallam SA, El-Subruiti GM and Eltaweil AS: Facile synthesis of Ag-γ-Fe2O3 superior nanocomposite for catalytic reduction of nitroaromatic compounds and catalytic degradation of methyl orange. Catal Lett. 148:3701–3714. 2018.

89 

Ningthoujam R, Sahoo B, Ghosh P, Shivani A, Ganguli P and Chaudhuri S: Green production of zero-valent iron nanoparticles using pomegranate peel extracts and its use in lindane degradation. Nanotechnol Environ Eng. 8:581–589. 2023.

90 

Rocchetti G, Lucini L, Ahmed SR and Saber FR: In vitro cytotoxic activity of six Syzygium leaf extracts as related to their phenolic profiles: An untargeted UHPLC-QTOF-MS approach. Food Res Int. 126(108715)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

91 

Siddiqi KS and Husen A: Green synthesis, characterization and uses of palladium/platinum nanoparticles. Nanoscale Res Lett. 11(482)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Khan MQ, Kumar P, Khan RA, Ahmad K and Kim H: Fabrication of sulfur-doped reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (S@rGO/GCE) based acetaminophen sensor. Inorganics. 10(218)2022.

93 

Iravani S: Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chem. 13:2638–2650. 2011.

94 

Rozali NL, Azizan KA, Singh R, Syed Jaafar SN, Othman A, Weckwerth W and Ramli U: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy approach combined with discriminant analysis and prediction model for crude palm oil authentication of different geographical and temporal origins. Food Control. 146(109509)2023.

95 

Naganthran A, Verasoundarapandian G, Khalid FE, Masarudin MJ, Zulkharnain A, Nawawi NM, Karim M, Abdullah CAC and Ahmad AS: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical application of silver nanoparticles. Materials. 15(427)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

96 

Huang J, Lin L, Li Q, Sun D, Wang Y, Lu Y, He N, Yang K, Yang X, Wang H, et al: Continuous-flow biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by lixivium of sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf in tubular microreactors. Ind Eng Chem Res. 47:6081–6090. 2008.

97 

Kumar S, Singh M, Halder D and Mitra A: Mechanistic study of antibacterial activity of biologically synthesized silver nanocolloids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 449:82–86. 2014.

98 

Philip D: Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Phys E: Low-Dimens Syst Nanostruct. 42:1417–1424. 2010.

99 

Bar H, Bhui DK, Sahoo GP, Sarkar P, Pyne S and Misra A: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Jatropha curcas. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp. 348 (20 Suppl):S212–S216. 2009.

100 

Aminabad NS, Farshbaf M and Akbarzadeh A: Recent advances of gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications: State of the Art. Cell Biochem Biophys. 77:123–137. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Shankar SS, Rai A, Ankamwar B, Singh A, Ahmad A and Sastry M: Biological synthesis of triangular gold nanoprisms. Nat Mater. 3:482–488. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Shiv Shankar S, Rai A, Ahmad A and Sastry M: Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core-Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. J Colloid Interface Sci. 275:496–502. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Song JY, Jang HK and Kim BS: Biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Magnolia kobus and Diopyros kaki leaf extracts. Process Biochem. 44:1133–1138. 2009.

104 

Keijok WJ, Pereira RHA, Alvarez LAC, Prado AR, da Silva AR, Ribeiro J, Oliveira JP and Guimaraes M: Controlled biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles with Coffea arabica using factorial design. Sci Rep. 9(16019)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

105 

Blanco E, Shen H and Ferrari M: Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol. 33:941–951. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

106 

Fernando S, Gunasekara T and Holton J: Antimicrobial nanoparticles: Applications and mechanisms of action. Sri Lankan J Infect Dis. 8(2)2018.

107 

Yetisgin AA, Cetinel S, Zuvin M, Kosar A and Kutlu O: Therapeutic nanoparticles and their targeted delivery applications. Molecules. 25(2193)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

108 

Du C, Xu N, Yao Z, Bai X, Gao Y, Peng L, Gu B and Zhao J: Mechanistic insights into sulfate and phosphate-mediated hexavalent chromium removal by tea polyphenols wrapped nano-zero-valent iron. Sci Total Environ. 850(157996)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

109 

Modwi A, Idriss H, Khezami L, Albadri A, Ismail M, Assadi AA and Nguyen-Tri P: Ba2+ removal from aquatic medium via TiY2O5@g-C3N4 nanocomposites. Diam Relat Mater. 135(109830)2023.

110 

Kharissova OV, Dias R, Kharisov BI, Pérez BO and Pérez VMJ: The greener synthesis of nanoparticles. Trends Biotechnol. 31:P240–P248. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

111 

Vyas JV and Rana S: Antioxidant activity and green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Allium sativum extract. Int J Phytomed. 9(634)2017.

112 

Hariharan S, Chauhan S, Velu K, Dharmaraj S, CM VK and Ganesan S: Biological activities of selenium nanoparticles synthesized from Camellia sinensis (L) Kuntze leaves. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 195:5823–5837. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

113 

Din MI, Arshad F, Hussain Z and Mukhtar M: Green adeptness in the synthesis and stabilization of copper nanoparticles: Catalytic, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activities. Nanoscale Res Lett. 12(638)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

114 

Naika HR, Lingaraju K, Manjunath K, Kumar D, Nagaraju G, Suresh D and Nagabhushana H: Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Gloriosa superba L. extract and their antibacterial activity. J Taibah Univ Sci. 9:7–12. 2015.

115 

Padma PN, Banu ST and Kumari SC: Studies on green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Punica granatum. Ann Res Rev Biol. 23:1–0. 2018.

116 

Alahdal FAM, Qashqoosh MTA, Manea YK, Mohammed RKA and Naqvi S: Green synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles using Phragmanthera austroarabica extract and their biological/environmental applications. Sustain Mater Technol. 35(e00540)2023.

117 

Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Vander Elst L and Muller RN: Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications. Chem Rev. 108:2064–2110. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

118 

Narnoliya LK, Jadaun JS and Singh SP: The phytochemical composition, biological effects and biotechnological approaches to the production of high-value essential oil from geranium. In: Essential Oil Research. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp327-352, 2019.

119 

Chen X, Shen S, Guo L and Mao SS: Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Chem Rev. 110:6503–6570. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

120 

Gupta VK and Nayak A: Cadmium removal and recovery from aqueous solutions by novel adsorbents prepared from orange peel and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Chem Eng J. 180:81–90. 2012.

121 

Yu MF, Files BS, Arepalli S and Ruoff RS: Tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon nanotubes and their mechanical properties. Phys Rev Lett. 84:5552–5555. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

122 

Reif J, Rafiee J, Wang Z, Song H, Yu ZZ and Koratkar N: Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano. 3:3884–3890. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

123 

Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zhu J, Yan Q, Dou SX and Sun W: Nanostructured metal chalcogenides for energy storage and electrocatalysis. Adv Funct Mater. 27(1702317)2017.

124 

Rai M, Yadav A and Gade A: Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnol Adv. 27:76–83. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

125 

Peer D, Karp JM, Hong S, Farokhzad OC, Margalit R and Langer R: Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat Nanotechnol. 2:751–760. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

126 

Riehemann K, Schneider SW, Luger TA, Godin B, Ferrari M and Fuchs H: Nanomedicine-challenge and perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 48:872–897. 2009.

127 

Chaudhary M, Kumar A, Devi A, Singh BP, Malhotra BD, Singhal K, Shukla S, Ponnada S, Sharma RK, Vega-Olivencia CA, et al: Prospects of nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors for drug detection: A review. Mater Adv. 4:432–457. 2023.

128 

Turkevich J, Stevenson PC and Hillier J: A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold. Discuss Faraday Soc. 11:55–75. 1951.

129 

Brust M, Walker M, Bethell D, Schiffrin DJ and Whyman R: Synthesis of thiol-derivatised gold nanoparticles in a two-phase liquid-liquid system. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 7:801–802. 1994.

130 

Cullity BD and Stock SR: Elements of X-ray diffraction. 3rd edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 2001.

131 

Ahmad A, Mukherjee P, Senapati S, Mandal D, Khan MI, Kumar R and Sastry M: Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 28:313–318. 2003.

132 

Raveendran P, Fu J and Wallen SL: Completely ‘green’ synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 125:13940–13941. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

133 

Narayanan KB and Sakthivel N: Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 156:1–3. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

134 

Xia Y, Xiong Y, Lim B and Skrabalak SE: Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals: Simple chemistry meets complex physics? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 48:60–103. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

135 

Dreaden EC, Alkilany AM, Huang X, Murphy CJ and El-Sayed MA: The golden age: Gold nanoparticles for biomedicine. Chem Soc Rev. 41:2740–2779. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

136 

Haruta M: Gold as a novel catalyst in the 21st century: Preparation, working mechanism and applications. Gold Bull. 37:27–36. 2004.

137 

Khan I, Saeed K and Khan I: Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem. 12:908–931. 2019.

138 

Wei H and Wang E: Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): Next-generation artificial enzymes†. Chem Soc Rev. 42:6060–6093. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

139 

Bobo D, Robinson K, Islam J, Thurecht K and Corrie S: Nanoparticle-based medicines: A review of FDA-approved materials and clinical trials to date. Pharm Res. 33:2373–2387. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

140 

Butler KT, Davies DW, Cartwright H, Isayev O and Walsh A: Machine learning for molecular and materials science. Nature. 559:547–555. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

141 

Iravani S and Varma RS: Greener synthesis of lignin nanoparticles and their applications. Green Chem. 22:612–636. 2020.

142 

Cheng L, Wang C, Feng L, Yang K and Liu Z: Functional nanomaterials for phototherapies of cancer. Chem Rev. 114:10869–10939. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

143 

Ilhan S and Çamli Pulat Ç: Biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Piper longum fruit extract inhibit HIF-1α/VEGF mediated angiogenesis in prostate cancer cells. Cumhuriyet Sci J. 42:236–244. 2021.

144 

Soltani L and Darbemamieh M: Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using hydroethanolic extract of Cucurbita pepo L. Fruit and their anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Multidiscip Cancer Investig. 5:1–10. 2021.

145 

Goel M, Sharma A and Sharma B: Recent advances in biogenic silver nanoparticles for their biomedical applications. Sustain Chem. 4:61–94. 2023.

146 

Vijayaram S, Razafindralambo H, Sun YZ, Vasantharaj S, Ghafarifarsani H, Hoseinifar SH and Raeeszadeh M: Applications of green syntheized metal nanoparticles-a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 202:360–386. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

147 

Magangana TP, Makunga NP, Fawole OA and Opara UL: Processing factors affecting the phytochemical and nutritional properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel waste: A review. Molecules. 25(4690)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

148 

Jia L, Zhang Q, Li Q and Song H: The biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles by antioxidants in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: Long lifetime nanocatalysts for p-nitrotoluene hydrogenation. Nanotechnology. 20(385601)2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

149 

Puri A and Patil S: Biogenic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using diospyros montana bark extract: Characterization, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activity. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia. 19:423–441. 2022.

150 

Younus M, Hasan MM, Ali S, Saddq B, Sarwar G, Ullah MI, Maqsood A, Ahmar S, Mora-Poblete F, Hassan F, et al: Extracts of Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. showed both phytotoxic and insecticidal capacities against Lemna minor L. and Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa. PLoS One. 16(e0250118)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

151 

Williams DB and Carter CB: Transmission electron microscopy: A textbook for materials science. Springer, 2009.

152 

Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Michael JR, Ritchie NWM, Scott JHJ and Joy DC: Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. 4th edition. Springer, 2018.

153 

Malvern Instruments: Dynamic light scattering: An introduction in 30 minutes. Malvern Instruments Limited, Worcestershire, 2017.

154 

Coates J: Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. In: Meyers RA, McKelvy ML (eds), Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester, pp10815-10837, 2000.

155 

Meyer E, Hug HJ and Bennewitz R: Scanning probe microscopy. Springer, 2004.

156 

Brown ME: Introduction to thermal analysis: Techniques and applications. Springer, 2001.

157 

Hunter RJ: Zeta potential in colloid science. Academic Press, San Diego, 1981.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Verma R, Kala A, Aziz RB, Saxena R, Gaurav N, Rawat BS and Rautela I: Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review). World Acad Sci J 8: 25, 2026.
APA
Verma, R., Kala, A., Aziz, R.B., Saxena, R., Gaurav, N., Rawat, B.S., & Rautela, I. (2026). Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 25. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.440
MLA
Verma, R., Kala, A., Aziz, R. B., Saxena, R., Gaurav, N., Rawat, B. S., Rautela, I."Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.2 (2026): 25.
Chicago
Verma, R., Kala, A., Aziz, R. B., Saxena, R., Gaurav, N., Rawat, B. S., Rautela, I."Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 2 (2026): 25. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.440
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Verma R, Kala A, Aziz RB, Saxena R, Gaurav N, Rawat BS and Rautela I: Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review). World Acad Sci J 8: 25, 2026.
APA
Verma, R., Kala, A., Aziz, R.B., Saxena, R., Gaurav, N., Rawat, B.S., & Rautela, I. (2026). Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 25. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.440
MLA
Verma, R., Kala, A., Aziz, R. B., Saxena, R., Gaurav, N., Rawat, B. S., Rautela, I."Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.2 (2026): 25.
Chicago
Verma, R., Kala, A., Aziz, R. B., Saxena, R., Gaurav, N., Rawat, B. S., Rautela, I."Metal nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to applications (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 2 (2026): 25. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.440
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team