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Review Open Access

The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) 

  • Authors:
    • Shawn Terence Pacheco
    • Nina Shenoy
    • Bharathi Ganesan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Periodontology, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka 575018, India, Department of Periodontology, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka 575018, India
    Copyright: © Pacheco et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 75
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    Published online on: July 2, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.490
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Abstract

The oral‑gut axis has emerged as an important biological pathway linking periodontitis with gut microbiota dysbiosis and systemic immune‑metabolic disturbances. In periodontitis, the expansion of oral pathobionts, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum may promote enteric colonisation, impair gut barrier integrity, alter microbial metabolite profiles and sustain low‑grade systemic inflammation. The present narrative review synthesises evidence from the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases up to January, 2026 on oral‑gut microbial crosstalk in periodontitis, with an emphasis on microbial translocation, barrier dysfunction, immune signalling, metabolite‑mediated pathways and emerging therapeutic strategies. Unlike recent reviews, it also integrates Mendelian randomisation evidence, the oral‑gut‑bone axis, implant‑related implications and a global‑health perspective. Current evidence supports bidirectional interactions between oral and gut dysbiosis in periodontitis. Experimental and clinical studies indicate that oral pathobionts can reach the intestine, disrupt tight‑junction integrity, reduce short‑chain fatty acid production and promote Th17/Treg imbalance, thereby amplifying mucosal and systemic inflammation. These alterations are linked to osteoclastogenesis, alveolar and peri‑implant bone loss, and broader associations with gastrointestinal, cardiometabolic, autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disorders. Adjunctive therapeutic approaches under investigation include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, dietary modulation, faecal microbiota transplantation, and combined host‑ and microbiota‑directed interventions. Conclusions: The oral‑gut axis provides a biologically plausible framework connecting periodontitis with systemic disease through microbial, immune and metabolic pathways. However, a large amount of the currently available evidence remains observational or derived from animal models, and heterogeneity in study design limits formal comparison across studies. Large longitudinal human studies, standardised multi‑omics approaches, and rigorously designed randomised trials are required to establish causality and to guide precision, microbiome‑informed periodontal care.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic diagram illustrating the
pathways linking oral dysbiosis, periodontitis, gut dysbiosis and
systemic inflammation. The figure illustrates the bidirectional
oral-gut axis in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, depicting risk
factors that lead to oral dysbiosis, gut barrier impairment,
systemic inflammation, and reverse feedback loops that exacerbate
periodontal disease. SCFA, short-chain fatty acid.

Figure 2

Therapeutic strategies targeting the
oral-gut axis in periodontitis. The figure depicts a therapy
framework for periodontitis-associated oral-gut dysbiosis that
integrates oral niche-targeted, gut microbiota-targeted, and
systemic host-directed interventions to reduce pathobiont burden,
restore barrier integrity and improve oral-gut homeostasis. SRP,
scaling and root planning; SDD, subantimicrobial dose doxycycline;
SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; UPF, ultra-processed food; RANKL,
receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; OPG,
osteoprotegerin.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Pacheco ST, Shenoy N and Ganesan B: The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) . World Acad Sci J 8: 75, 2026.
APA
Pacheco, S.T., Shenoy, N., & Ganesan, B. (2026). The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) . World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 75. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.490
MLA
Pacheco, S. T., Shenoy, N., Ganesan, B."The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) ". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.5 (2026): 75.
Chicago
Pacheco, S. T., Shenoy, N., Ganesan, B."The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) ". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 5 (2026): 75. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.490
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Pacheco ST, Shenoy N and Ganesan B: The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) . World Acad Sci J 8: 75, 2026.
APA
Pacheco, S.T., Shenoy, N., & Ganesan, B. (2026). The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) . World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 75. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.490
MLA
Pacheco, S. T., Shenoy, N., Ganesan, B."The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) ". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.5 (2026): 75.
Chicago
Pacheco, S. T., Shenoy, N., Ganesan, B."The oral‑gut axis in periodontitis: Current evidence and emerging therapeutic targets (Review) ". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 5 (2026): 75. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.490
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