Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
World Academy of Sciences Journal
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2632-2900 Online ISSN: 2632-2919
Journal Cover
November-December 2026 Volume 8 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-December 2026 Volume 8 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients

  • Authors:
    • Nurzhanat Кhaidarova
    • Makpal Nurgozhina
    • Nazerke Urazgulova
    • Aizhan Shakhanova
    • Ainur Botabayeva
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Dental Disciplines and Maxillofacial Surgery, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan, Department of Internal Diseases and Rheumatology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan
    Copyright: © Кhaidarova et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 103
    |
    Published online on: October 20, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.518
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is traditionally associated with long‑term exposure to tobacco and alcohol in older populations. However, a global epidemiological shift has revealed an increasing incidence among adults aged ≤45 years, many of whom lack canonical risk factors. The present scoping review aimed to evaluate the distinct clinicopathological, etiological and molecular landscape of young‑onset OSCC, with a focus on emerging non‑canonical drivers. For this purpose, a comprehensive synthesis of recent high‑volume meta‑analyses (encompassing >50,000 patients), genomic sequencing data and regional epidemiological reports from Central Asia and the Asia‑Pacific was performed. The interplay between traditional carcinogens and novel factors, such as chronic mechanical irritation (CMI) and occupational hazards was analyzed. The analysis revealed a ‘prognostic paradox’: While younger patients faced a higher risk of local recurrence, their 5‑year overall survival rate was superior or equivalent to that of older cohorts (hazard ratio, 0.97), likely due to greater physiological reserve and fewer comorbidities. Molecularly, young‑onset OSCC in never‑smokers and never‑drinkers represents a distinct entity characterized by CDKN2A mutations, EGFR amplifications and a robust IFN‑γ immune response, rather than human papillomavirus‑driven oncogenesis. Furthermore, CMI functions as a potent ‘effect modifier’, lowering the threshold for malignant transformation through the TGF‑β and NF‑κB pathways. On the whole, the present scoping review indicates that the ‘rejuvenation’ of OSCC profiles mandates a shift from age‑based to biology‑driven risk stratification. Addressing non‑canonical factors, such as dental trauma and occupational exposures is essential for early detection and functional preservation in this growing demographic.
View Figures

Figure 1

PRISMA 2020 flow diagram of the study
selection process and evaluation outcomes.

Figure 2

The clinical and molecular paradox of
young-onset oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). OTSCC,
oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma; OSCC, oral squamous cell
carcinoma; OR, odds ratio; CMI, chronic mechanical irritation;
TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.

Figure 3

Shifting paradigms in oral squamous
cell carcinoma (OSCC) etiology.

Figure 4

The clinical and molecular landscape
of young-onset oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC):
Challenging the paradigm of biological aggression.
View References

1 

Saini RS, Vyas R, Mosaddad SA and Heboyan A: Efficacy of oral rehabilitation techniques in patients with oral cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol. 131:1272–1283. 2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Da Conceição TC, Sanches ACB, Freire TFC, Martins GB, Marques MVC and Dantas JB de L: Acute oral manifestations in patients submitted to radiotherapy in the head and neck region: Literature narrative review. J Health Sci. 23:92–98. 2021.

3 

Saade R, Khoury R, Hassan J, Atwi G, Ghanem H, Jabbour C and Shayya A: Prognostic factors in young patients with oral cavity cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 24 studies. Front Oncol. 16(1512345)2026.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Kumar V: A comprehensive review of risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Curr Cancer Therapy Rev. 21:101–115. 2025.

5 

Kaminagakura E, Tango RN, Cruz-Perez D, Bonan R, Yamamoto de Almeida L, de Almeida Lança ML, Bonan P, Martins H, Takahama A Jr, Ito FA, et al: Oral squamous cell carcinoma outcome in adolescent/young adult: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck. 44:548–561. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Tagliabue M, Belloni P, De Berardinis R, Gandini S, Chu F, Zorzi S, Fumagalli C, Santoro L, Chiocca S and Ansarin M: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prognostic role of age in oral tongue cancer. Cancer Med. 10:2566–2578. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Kazakh Institute of Oncology and Radiology: Indicators of the Oncology Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2023: Statistical and Analytical Materials. Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 2024.

8 

Aghiorghiesei O, Zanoaga O, Nutu A, Braicu C, Campian RS, Lucaciu O and Berindan Neagoe I: The world of oral cancer and its risk factors viewed from the aspect of microRNA expression patterns. Genes (Basel). 13(533)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Bello IO, Almangush A, Heikkinen I, Haglund C, Coletta RD, Kowalski LP, Mäkitie AA, Nieminen P, Leivo I and Salo T: Histological characteristics of early-stage oral tongue cancer in young versus older patients: A multicenter matched-pair analysis. Oral Dis. 26:1081–1085. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Lenoci D, Moresco E, Cavalieri S, Bergamini C, Torchia E, Botta L, Canevari S, Trama A, Licitra L and De Cecco L: Oral cancer in young adults: Incidence, risk factors, prognosis, and molecular biomarkers. Front Oncol. 14(1412011)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Panda S, Mohanty N, Panda S, Mishra L, Gopinath D, Sahoo A, Nagraj SK and Lapinska B: Are survival outcomes different for young and old patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). 14(1986)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L, et al: PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 169:467–473. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Koo K, Mouradov D, Angel CM, Iseli TA, Wiesenfeld D, McCullough MJ, Burgess AW and Sieber OM: Genomic signature of oral squamous cell carcinomas from non-smoking non-drinking patients. Cancers (Basel). 13(1113)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Xie J and Li L: Letter regarding ‘Chronic mechanical irritation and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis’. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 21(788)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Mello FW, Melo G, Pasetto JJ, Silva CAB, Warnakulasuriya S and Rivero ERC: The synergistic effect of tobacco and alcohol consumption on oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 23:2849–2859. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Gupta AA, Kheur S, Varadarajan S, Parveen S, Dewan H, Alhazmi YA, Raj TA, Testarelli L and Patil S: Chronic mechanical irritation and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 21:647–658. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Piemonte ED and Lazos J: Evidence for chronic mechanical irritation as a causative factor in oral cancer: Application of Bradford Hill criteria. Transl Res Oral Oncol. 3:1–10. 2018.

18 

Mroueh R, Haapaniemi A, Grénman R, Laranne J, Pukkila M, Almangush A, Salo T and Mäkitie A: Improved outcomes with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in Finland. Head Neck. 39:1306–1312. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Mohideen K, Krithika C, Jeddy N, Bharathi R, Thayumanavan B and Sankari SL: Meta-analysis on risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in young adults. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 23:450–457. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Zhao L, Huang L, Yu S, Zheng J, Wang H and Zhang Y: Decellularized tongue tissue as an in vitro model for studying tongue cancer and tongue regeneration. Acta Biomater. 58:122–135. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Gao J, Aksoy BA, Dogrusoz U, Dresdner G, Gross B, Sumer SO, Sun Y, Jacobsen A, Sinha R, Larsson E, et al: Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal. Sci Signal. 6(pl1)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Mansour WY, Bogdanova NV, Kasten-Pisula U, Rieckmann T, Köcher S, Borgmann K, Baumann M, Krause M, Petersen C, Hu H, et al: Aberrant overexpression of miR-421 downregulates ATM and leads to a pronounced DSB repair defect and clinical hypersensitivity in SKX squamous cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 106:147–154. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Paderno A, Morello R and Piazza C: Tongue carcinoma in young adults: A review of the literature. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 38:175–180. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Satgunaseelan L, Allanson BM, Asher R, Reddy R, Low HTH, Veness M, Gopal Iyer N, Smee RI, Palme CE, Gupta R and Clark JR: The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue is rising in young non-smoking women: An international multi-institutional analysis. Oral Oncol. 110(104875)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Hussein AA, Helder MN, de Visscher JG, Leemans CR, Braakhuis BJ, de Vet HCW and Forouzanfar T: Global incidence of oral and oropharynx cancer in patients younger than 45 years versus older patients: A systematic review. Eur J Cancer. 82:115–127. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Lin NC, Hsu JT and Tsai KY: Difference between female and male patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: A single-center retrospective study in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(3978)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Kourelis K, Tsue T, Girod D, Tawfik O, Sykes K and Shnayder Y: Negative prognostic factors for head and neck cancer in the young. J BUON. 18:459–464. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Kawecki MM, Nedeva IR, Iloya J and Macfarlane TV: Mouth cancer awareness in general population: Results from Grampian Region of Scotland, United Kingdom. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 10(e3)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Pang X, Tang YJ, Ren XH, Chen QM, Tang YL and Liang XH: Microbiota, epithelium, inflammation, and TGF-β signaling: An intricate interaction in oncogenesis. Front Microbiol. 9(1353)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Almasri A, Wisithphrom K, Windsor LJ and Olson B: Nicotine and lipopolysaccharide affect cytokine expression from gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol. 78:533–541. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Gilligan GM, Galindez Costa MFF, Moine L, Panico RL and Piemonte ED: Could chronic mechanical irritation facilitate entry of human papillomavirus (HPV) facilitating oral HPV infection? Transl Res Oral Oncol. 2:1–6. 2017.

32 

Lazos JP, Piemonte ED, Lanfranchi HE and Brunotto MN: Characterization of chronic mechanical irritation in oral cancer. Int J Dent. 2017(6784526)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Andersen AO, Jensen JS, Jakobsen KK, Stampe H, Nielsen KJ, Wessel I, Christensen A, Andersen E, Friborg J, Grønhøj C and von Buchwald C: The impact of tobacco smoking on survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: A population-based retrospective study. Acta Oncol. 61:449–458. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Tran Q, Maddineni S, Arnaud EH, Divi V, Megwalu UC, Topf MC and Sunwoo JB: Oral cavity cancer in young, non-smoking, and non-drinking patients: A contemporary review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 190(104112)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Gamez ME, Kraus R, Hinni ML, Moore EJ, Ma DJ, Ko SJ, Rwigema JCM, McGee LA, Halyard MY, Buras MR, et al: Treatment outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in young adults. Oral Oncol. 87:43–48. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Hilly O, Shkedy Y, Hod R, Soudry E, Mizrachi A, Hamzany Y, Bachar G and Shpitzer T: Carcinoma of the oral tongue in patients younger than 30 years: Comparison with patients older than 60 years. Oral Oncol. 49:987–990. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Park JO, Sun DI, Cho KJ, Joo YH, Yoo HJ and Kim MS: Clinical outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in young patients: A stage-matched comparative analysis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 3:161–165. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Patel SC, Carpenter WR, Tyree S, Couch ME, Weissler M, Hackman T, Hayes DN, Shores C and Chera BS: Increasing incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in young white women, age 18 to 44 years. J Clin Oncol. 29:1488–1494. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Blanchard P, Belkhir F, Temam S, El Khoury C, De Felice F, Casiraghi O, Patrikidou A, Mirghani H, Levy A, Even C, et al: Outcomes and prognostic factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young adults: A single-institution case-matched analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 274:1683–1690. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Kandoth C, McLellan MD, Vandin F, Ye K, Niu B, Lu C, Xie M, Zhang Q, McMichael JF, Wyczalkowski MA, et al: Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types. Nature. 502:333–339. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Cerami E, Gao J, Dogrusoz U, Gross BE, Sumer SO, Aksoy BA, Jacobsen A, Byrne CJ, Heuer ML, Larsson E, et al: The cBio cancer genomics portal: An open platform for exploring multidimensional cancer genomics data. Cancer Discov. 2:401–404. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Pickering CR, Zhang J, Neskey DM, Zhao M, Jasser SA, Wang J, Ward A, Tsai CJ, Ortega Alves MV, Zhou JH, et al: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue in young non-smokers is genomically similar to tumors in older smokers. Clin Cancer Res. 20:3842–3848. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Knopf A, Lempart J, Bas M, Slotta-Huspenina J, Mansour N and Fritsche MK: Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in young patients. Oncotarget. 6:3443–3451. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Sankunny M, Parikh RA, Lewis DW, Gooding WE, Saunders WS and Gollin SM: Targeted inhibition of ATR or CHEK1 reverses radioresistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells with distal chromosome arm 11q loss. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 53:129–143. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Joo YH, Park SW, Jung SH, Lee YS, Nam IC, Cho KJ, Park JO, Chung YJ and Kim MS: Recurrent loss of the FHIT gene and its impact on lymphatic metastasis in early oral squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol. 133:992–999. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Lee SH, Koo BS, Kim JM, Huang S, Rho YS, Bae WJ, Kang HJ, Kim YS, Moon JH and Lim YC: Wnt/β-catenin signalling maintains self-renewal and tumourigenicity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stem-like cells by activating Oct4. J Pathol. 234:99–107. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Lee DS, Ramirez RJ, Lee JJ, Valenzuela CV, Zevallos JP, Mazul AL, Puram SV, Doering MM, Pipkorn P and Jackson RS: Survival of young versus old patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 131:1310–1319. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Adeoye J, Hui L, Tan JY, Koohi-Moghadam M, Choi SW and Thomson P: Prognostic value of non-smoking, non-alcohol drinking status in oral cavity cancer. Clin Oral Investig. 25:6909–6918. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Dediol E, Sabol I, Virag M, Grce M, Muller D and Manojlović S: HPV prevalence and p16INK4a overexpression in non-smoking non-drinking oral cavity cancer patients. Oral Dis. 22:517–522. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Yang Z, Du W, Zhang X, Chen D, Fang Q, He Y, Yang Y, Li D and Fan J: Nonsmoking and nondrinking oral squamous cell carcinoma patients: A different entity. Front Oncol. 11(558320)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Bao X, Liu F, Chen Q, Chen L, Lin J, Chen F, Wang J, Qiu Y, Shi B, Pan L, et al: Propensity score analysis exploring the impact of smoking and drinking on the prognosis of patients with oral cancer. Head Neck. 42:1837–1847. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Thomson PJ: Perspectives on oral squamous cell carcinoma prevention-proliferation, position, progression and prediction. J Oral Pathol Med. 47:803–807. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Al-Jaber A, Al-Nasser L and El-Metwally A: Epidemiology of oral cancer in Arab countries. Saudi Med J. 37:249–255. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Coelho KR: Challenges of the oral cancer burden in India. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2012(701932)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan MH and Edgren G: Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: A global study. Head Neck. 39:297–304. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Ayers M, Lunceford J, Nebozhyn M, Murphy E, Loboda A, Kaufman DR, Albright A, Cheng JD, Kang SP, Shankaran V, et al: IFN-γ-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade. J Clin Invest. 127:2930–2940. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Vos JL, Elbers JBW, Krijgsman O, Traets JJH, Qiao X, van der Leun AM, Lubeck Y, Seignette IM, Smit LA, Willems SM, et al: Neoadjuvant immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab induces major pathological responses in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun. 12(7348)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Schoenfeld JD, Hanna GJ, Jo VY, Rawal B, Chen YH, Catalano PS, Lako A, Ciantra Z, Weirather JL, Criscitiello S, et al: Neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in untreated oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: A Phase 2 open-label randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 6:1563–1570. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Mirghani H, Amen F, Moreau F and Lacau St Guily J: Do high-risk human papillomaviruses cause oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma? Oral Oncol. 51:229–236. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Awan KH, Hegde R, Cheever VJ, Carroll W, Khan S, Patil S and Warnakulasuriya S: Oral and pharyngeal cancer risk associated with occupational carcinogenic substances: Systematic review. Head Neck. 40:2724–2732. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Anura A: Traumatic oral mucosal lesions: A mini review and clinical update. Oral Health Dent Manag. 13:254–259. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

62 

Zhang YY, Wang DC, Su JZ, Jia LF, Peng X and Yu GY: Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in different age groups. Head Neck. 39:2276–2282. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Piemonte E, Lazos J, Belardinelli P, Secchi D, Brunotto M and Lanfranchi-Tizeira H: Oral cancer associated with chronic mechanical irritation of the oral mucosa. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 23:e151–e160. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Кhaidarova N, Nurgozhina M, Urazgulova N, Shakhanova A and Botabayeva A: Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients. World Acad Sci J 8: 103, 2026.
APA
Кhaidarova, N., Nurgozhina, M., Urazgulova, N., Shakhanova, A., & Botabayeva, A. (2026). Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 103. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.518
MLA
Кhaidarova, N., Nurgozhina, M., Urazgulova, N., Shakhanova, A., Botabayeva, A."Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.6 (2026): 103.
Chicago
Кhaidarova, N., Nurgozhina, M., Urazgulova, N., Shakhanova, A., Botabayeva, A."Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 6 (2026): 103. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.518
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Кhaidarova N, Nurgozhina M, Urazgulova N, Shakhanova A and Botabayeva A: Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients. World Acad Sci J 8: 103, 2026.
APA
Кhaidarova, N., Nurgozhina, M., Urazgulova, N., Shakhanova, A., & Botabayeva, A. (2026). Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 103. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.518
MLA
Кhaidarova, N., Nurgozhina, M., Urazgulova, N., Shakhanova, A., Botabayeva, A."Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.6 (2026): 103.
Chicago
Кhaidarova, N., Nurgozhina, M., Urazgulova, N., Shakhanova, A., Botabayeva, A."Changing landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma: A scoping review of the pathogenesis, clinical profiles and prognosis of young, non‑smoking patients". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 6 (2026): 103. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.518
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team