Comments on the US National Toxicology Program technical reports on toxicology and carcinogenesis study in rats exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 900 MHz and in mice exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 1,900 MHz

Hardell,Lennart; Carlberg,Michael

doi:10.3892/ijo.2018.4606

Comments on the US National Toxicology Program technical reports on toxicology and carcinogenesis study in rats exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 900 MHz and in mice exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 1,900 MHz

Authors:
- Lennart Hardell
- Michael Carlberg
View Affiliations

Affiliations: Department of Oncology, University Hospital, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
Published online on: October 24, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4606
Pages: 111-127
Copyright: © Hardell et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

During the use of handheld mobile and cordless phones, the brain is the main target of radiofrequency (RF) radiation. An increased risk of developing glioma and acoustic neuroma has been found in human epidemiological studies. Primarily based on these findings, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at the World Health Organization (WHO) classified in May, 2011 RF radiation at the frequency range of 30 kHz‑300 GHz as a ‘possible’ human carcinogen, Group 2B. A carcinogenic potential for RF radiation in animal studies was already published in 1982. This has been confirmed over the years, more recently in the Ramazzini Institute rat study. An increased incidence of glioma in the brain and malignant schwannoma in the heart was found in the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) study on rats and mice. The NTP final report is to be published; however, the extended reports are published on the internet for evaluation and are reviewed herein in more detail in relation to human epidemiological studies. Thus, the main aim of this study was to compare earlier human epidemiological studies with NTP findings, including a short review of animal studies. We conclude that there is clear evidence that RF radiation is a human carcinogen, causing glioma and vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma). There is some evidence of an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer, and clear evidence that RF radiation is a multi‑site carcinogen. Based on the Preamble to the IARC Monographs, RF radiation should be classified as carcinogenic to humans, Group 1.

View Figures

View References

1	Cardis E, Deltour I, Mann S, Moissonnier M, Taki M, Varsier N, Wake K and Wiart J: Distribution of RF energy emitted by mobile phones in anatomical structures of the brain. Phys Med Biol. 53:2771–2783. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
2	Gandhi OP, Morgan LL, de Salles AA, Han YY, Herberman RB and Davis DL: Exposure limits: The underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation, especially in children. Electromagn Biol Med. 31:34–51. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar
3	Hardell L, Näsman A, Påhlson A, Hallquist A and Hansson Mild K: Use of cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumours: A case-control study. Int J Oncol. 15:113–116. 1999.PubMed/NCBI
4	Hardell L, Mild KH and Carlberg M: Case-control study on the use of cellular and cordless phones and the risk for malignant brain tumours. Int J Radiat Biol. 78:931–936. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
5	Hardell L, Hansson Mild K, Sandström M, Carlberg M, Hallquist A and Påhlson A: Vestibular schwannoma, tinnitus and cellular telephones. Neuroepidemiology. 22:124–129. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
6	Carlberg M and Hardell L: Evaluation of mobile phone and cordless phone use and glioma risk using the Bradford Hill viewpoints from 1965 on association or causation. BioMed Res Int. 2017.9218486:2017.
7	Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Islami F and Galichet L: Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol. 12:624–626. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
8	Non-ionizing radiation, part 2: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 102:International Agency for Research on Cancer Press; Lyon: 2013, http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol102/mono102.pdf. 4–July, 2018
9	Starkey SJ: Inaccurate official assessment of radiofrequency safety by the advisory group on non-ionising radiation. Rev Environ Health. 31:493–503. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
10	Hardell L: World Health Organization, radiofrequency radiation and health - a hard nut to crack (Review). Int J Oncol. 51:405–413. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
11	Maisch D: Conflict of interest and bias in health advisory committees: A case study of the WHO's Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Task Group. J Aust Coll Nutr Environ Med. 25:15–17. 2006.
12	Belpomme D, Hardell L, Belyaev I, Ernesto Burgio E and Carpenter DO: Thermal and non-thermal health effects of non-ionizing radiation: an international perspective. Env Poll. 242:643–658. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar
13	Hedendahl L, Carlberg M and Hardell L: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity - an increasing challenge to the medical profession. Rev Environ Health. 30:209–215. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar
14	No authors listed: Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Phys. 74:494–522. 1998.
15	International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection: ICNIRP statement on the ‘Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)’. Health Phys. 97:257–258. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar
16	BioInitiative Working Group: BioInitiative Report: A Rationale for a Biologically-based Public Exposure Standard for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF). Sage C and Carpenter DO: Bioinitiative. 2007, Available from: http://www.bioinitiative.org/table-of-contents/ (Accessed on 4 July, 2018).
17	BioInitiative Working Group: BioInitiative Report 2012: A Rationale for a Biologically-based Exposure Standard for Electromagnetic Fields (ELF and RF). Sage C and Carpenter DO: Bioinitiative. 2012, Available from: http://www.bioinitiative.org/table-of-contents/ (Accessed on 4 July, 2018).
18	Wyde M, Cesta M, Blystone C, Bucher J, Elmore S, Foster P, Hooth M, Kissling G, Malarkey D, Sills R, et al: Report of Partial Findings from the National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley^® SD rats (Whole Body Exposure). Draft 519-2016. US National Toxicology Program (NTP). http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/055699. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/05/26/055699.full.pdf. 4–July. 2018
19	National Toxicology Program: NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in Hsd: Sprague Dawley sd rats exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. NTP TR. 595:March 26-28–2018.Available from: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/trpanel/2018/march/tr595peerdraft.pdf. 4–July.2018.
20	National Toxicology Program: NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies in B6C3F1/N mice exposed to whole-body radio frequency radiation at a frequency (1,900 MHz) and modulations (GSM and CDMA) used by cell phones. NTP TR. 596:March 26-28–2018.Available from: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/trpanel/2018/march/tr596peerdraft.pdf. 4–July.2018.
21	Szmigielski S, Szudzinski A, Pietraszek A, Bielec M, Janiak M and Wrembel JK: Accelerated development of spontaneous and benzopyrene-induced skin cancer in mice exposed to 2450-MHz microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 3:179–191. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
22	Cleary SF, Liu LM and Merchant RE: Glioma proliferation modulated in vitro by isothermal radiofrequency radiation exposure. Radiat Res. 121:38–45. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
23	Cleary SF, Liu LM and Merchant RE: In vitro lymphocyte proliferation induced by radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation under isothermal conditions. Bioelectromagnetics. 11:47–56. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
24	Chou CK, Guy AW, Kunz LL, Johnson RB, Crowley JJ and Krupp JH: Long-term, low-level microwave irradiation of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 13:469–496. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
25	Repacholi MH, Basten A, Gebski V, Noonan D, Finnie J and Harris AW: Lymphomas in E mu-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHZ electromagnetic fields. Radiat Res. 147:631–640. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
26	Utteridge TD, Gebski V, Finnie JW, Vernon-Roberts B and Kuchel TR: Long-term exposure of E-mu-Pim1 transgenic mice to 898.4 MHz microwaves does not increase lymphoma incidence. Radiat Res. 158:357–364. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
27	Hardell L, Eriksson M, Carlberg M, Sundström C and Mild KH: Use of cellular or cordless telephones and the risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 78:625–632. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
28	Linet MS, Taggart T, Severson RK, Cerhan JR, Cozen W, Hartge P and Colt J: Cellular telephones and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 119:2382–2388. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
29	Lauer O, Frei P, Gosselin MC, Joseph W, Röösli M and Fröhlich J: Combining near- and far-field exposure for an organ-specific and whole-body RF-EMF proxy for epidemiological research: A reference case. Bioelectromagnetics. 34:366–374. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
30	Lu M and Wu XY: Study of specific absorption rate (SAR) induced in human endocrine glands for using mobile phones. IEEE Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC). 1084–1086. 2016.
31	Carlberg M, Hedendahl L, Ahonen M, Koppel T and Hardell L: Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the Nordic countries with main focus on Swedish data. BMC Cancer. 16:4262016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
32	Tillmann T, Ernst H, Streckert J, Zhou Y, Taugner F, Hansen V and Dasenbrock C: Indication of cocarcinogenic potential of chronic UMTS-modulated radiofrequency exposure in an ethyl-nitrosourea mouse model. Int J Radiat Biol. 86:529–541. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
33	Lerchl A, Klose M, Grote K, Wilhelm AF, Spathmann O, Fiedler T, Streckert J, Hansen V and Clemens M: Tumor promotion by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 459:585–590. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
34	Falcioni L, Bua L, Tibaldi E, Lauriola M, De Angelis L, Gnudi F, Mandrioli D, Manservigi M, Manservisi F, Manzoli I, et al: Report of final results regarding brain and heart tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to mobile phone radiofrequency field representative of a 1.8 GHz GSM base station environmental emission. Environ Res. 165:496–503. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
35	Johansen C, Boice J Jr, McLaughlin J and Olsen J: Cellular telephones and cancer - a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst. 93:203–207. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
36	Schüz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD Jr, McLaughlin JK and Johansen C: Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: Update of a nationwide Danish cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst. 98:1707–1713. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
37	Söderqvist F, Carlberg M and Hardell L: Review of four publications on the Danish cohort study on mobile phone subscribers and risk of brain tumors. Rev Environ Health. 27:51–58. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
38	Benson VS, Pirie K, Schüz J, Reeves GK, Beral V and Green J; Million Women Study Collaborators: Mobile phone use and risk of brain neoplasms and other cancers: Prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 42:792–802. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
39	Ohgaki H and Kleihues P: Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 64:479–489. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
40	INTERPHONE Study Group: Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: Results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 39:675–694. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
41	Coureau G, Bouvier G, Lebailly P, Fabbro-Peray P, Gruber A, Leffondre K, Guillamo JS, Loiseau H, Mathoulin-Pélissier S, Salamon R, et al: Mobile phone use and brain tumours in the CERENAT case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 71:514–522. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
42	Hardell L and Carlberg M: Mobile phones, cordless phones and the risk for brain tumours. Int J Oncol. 35:5–17. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
43	Hardell L and Carlberg M: Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for glioma - Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997–2003 and 2007–2009. Pathophysiology. 22:1–13. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar
44	Hardell L, Carlberg M and Hansson Mild K: Pooled analysis of two case-control studies on use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for malignant brain tumours diagnosed in 1997–2003. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 79:630–639. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
45	Hardell L, Carlberg M and Hansson Mild K: Re-analysis of risk for glioma in relation to mobile telephone use: Comparison with the results of the Interphone international case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 40:1126–1128. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar
46	Hardell L, Carlberg M and Hansson Mild K: Pooled analysis of case-control studies on malignant brain tumours and the use of mobile and cordless phones including living and deceased subjects. Int J Oncol. 38:1465–1474. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
47	Cardis E, Armstrong BK, Bowman JD, Giles GG, Hours M, Krewski D, McBride M, Parent ME, Sadetzki S, Woodward A, et al: Risk of brain tumours in relation to estimated RF dose from mobile phones: Results from five Interphone countries. Occup Environ Med. 68:631–640. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
48	Grell K, Frederiksen K, Schüz J, Cardis E, Armstrong B, Siemiatycki J, Krewski DR, McBride ML, Johansen C, Auvinen A, et al: The intracranial distribution of gliomas in relation to exposure from mobile phones: Analyses from the INTERPHONE study. Am J Epidemiol. 184:818–828. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
49	Momoli F, Siemiatycki J, McBride ML, Parent ME, Richardson L, Bedard D, Platt R, Vrijheid M, Cardis E and Krewski D: Probabilistic multiple-bias modeling applied to the Canadian data from the INTERPHONE study of mobile phone use and risk of glioma, meningioma, acoustic neuroma, and parotid gland tumors. Am J Epidemiol. 186:885–893. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
50	Carlberg M and Hardell L: Decreased survival of glioma patients with astrocytoma grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme) associated with long-term use of mobile and cordless phones. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 11:10790–10805. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
51	Akhavan-Sigari R, Mazloum Farsi Baf M, Ariabod V, Rohde V and Rahighi S: Connection between cell phone use, p53 gene expression in different zones of glioblastoma multiforme and survival prognoses. Rare Tumors. 6:53502014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
52	Turner MC, Benke G, Bowman JD, Figuerola J, Fleming S, Hours M, Kincl L, Krewski D, McLean D, Parent ME, et al: Occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and brain tumor risks in the INTEROCC study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23:1863–1872. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
53	Carlberg M, Koppel T, Ahonen M and Hardell L: Case-control study on occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and glioma risk. Am J Ind Med. 60:494–503. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
54	Peleg M, Nativ O and Richter ED: Radio frequency radiation-related cancer: Assessing causation in the occupational/military setting. Environ Res. 163:123–133. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
55	Cea-Soriano L, Wallander MA and García Rodríguez LA: Epidemiology of meningioma in the United Kingdom. Neuroepidemiology. 39:27–34. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
56	Carlberg M and Hardell L: Pooled analysis of Swedish case-control studies during 1997–2003 and 2007–2009 on meningioma risk associated with the use of mobile and cordless phones. Oncol Rep. 33:3093–3098. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
57	Shrestha B, Khalid M, Gayam V, Mukhtar O, Thapa S, Mandal AK, Kaler J, Khalid M, Garlapati P, Iqbal S, et al: Metachronous granular cell tumor of the descending colon. Gastroenterol Res. 11:317–320. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar
58	Kim HJ and Lee MG: Granular cell tumors on unusual anatomic locations. Yonsei Med J. 56:1731–1734. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
59	Rejas RA, Campos MS, Cortes AR, Pinto DD and de Sousa SC: The neural histogenetic origin of the oral granular cell tumor: An immunohistochemical evidence. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 16:e6–e10. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar
60	Kamal SA and Othman EO: Granular cell tumour of the larynx. J Laryngol Otol. 112:83–85. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
61	Deltour I, Johansen C, Auvinen A, Feychting M, Klaeboe L and Schüz J: Time trends in brain tumor incidence rates in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, 1974–2003. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101:1721–1724. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
62	Hardell L and Carlberg M: Increasing rates of brain tumours in the Swedish national inpatient register and the causes of death register. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 12:3793–3813. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
63	Hardell L and Carlberg M: Mobile phones, cordless phones and rates of brain tumors in different age groups in the Swedish National Inpatient Register and the Swedish Cancer Register during 1998–2015. PLoS One. 12:e01854612017. View Article : Google Scholar
64	Philips A, Henshaw DL, Lamburn G and O'Carroll MJ: Brain tumours: Rise in glioblastoma multiforme incidence in England 1995–2015 suggests an adverse environmental or lifestyle factor. J Environ Public Health. 7910754:20182018.
65	INTERPHONE Study Group: Acoustic neuroma risk in relation to mobile telephone use: Results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. 35:453–464. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
66	Hardell L, Carlberg M, Söderqvist F and Mild KH: Pooled analysis of case-control studies on acoustic neuroma diagnosed 1997–2003 and 2007–2009 and use of mobile and cordless phones. Int J Oncol. 43:1036–1044. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
67	Moon IS, Kim BG, Kim J, Lee JD and Lee WS: Association between vestibular schwannomas and mobile phone use. Tumour Biol. 35:581–587. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :
68	Sato Y, Akiba S, Kubo O and Yamaguchi N: A case-case study of mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk in Japan. Bioelectromagnetics. 32:85–93. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
69	Pettersson D, Mathiesen T, Prochazka M, Bergenheim T, Florentzson R, Harder H, Nyberg G, Siesjö P and Feychting M: Long-term mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma risk. Epidemiology. 25:233–241. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
70	Hardell L and Carlberg M: Long-term mobile phone use and acoustic neuroma. Epidemiology. 25:7782014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
71	Christensen HC, Schüz J, Kosteljanetz M, Poulsen HS, Thomsen J and Johansen C: Cellular telephone use and risk of acoustic neuroma. Am J Epidemiol. 159:277–283. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
72	Takebayashi T, Varsier N, Kikuchi Y, Wake K, Taki M, Watanabe S, Akiba S and Yamaguchi N: Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field, and brain tumour: A case-control study. Br J Cancer. 98:652–659. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
73	Schoemaker MJ and Swerdlow AJ: Risk of pituitary tumors in cellular phone users: A case-control study. Epidemiology. 20:348–354. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
74	Leng L and Zhang Y: Etiology of pituitary tumors: A case control study. Turk Neurosurg. 26:195–199. 2016.PubMed/NCBI
75	Gittleman H, Ostrom QT, Farah PD, Ondracek A, Chen Y, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Singer J, Kshettry VR, Laws ER, et al: Descriptive epidemiology of pituitary tumors in the United States, 2004–2009. J Neurosurg. 121:527–535. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
76	Garg R, Bhartia P, Bahl I and Ittipiboon A: Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Artech House; Norwood: 2001
77	Misa-Agustiño MJ, Jorge-Mora T, Jorge-Barreiro FJ, Suarez-Quintanilla J, Moreno-Piquero E, Ares-Pena FJ and López-Martín E: Exposure to non-ionizing radiation provokes changes in rat thyroid morphology and expression of HSP-90. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 240:1123–1135. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar
78	Eşmekaya MA, Seyhan N and Ömeroğlu S: Pulse modulated 900 MHz radiation induces hypothyroidism and apoptosis in thyroid cells: A light, electron microscopy and immunohisto-chemical study. Int J Radiat Biol. 86:1106–1116. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar
79	Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Besson C, Clarke CA, Morton LM, Nogueira L, Pawlish K, Yanik EL, Suneja G and Engels EA: Trends in primary central nervous system lymphoma incidence and survival in the U.S. Br J Haematol. 174:417–424. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
80	Eloranta S, Brånvall E, Celsing F, Papworth K, Ljungqvist M, Enblad G and Ekström-Smedby K: Increasing incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma but no improvement in survival in Sweden 2000–2013. Eur J Haematol. 100:61–68. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar
81	Poulsen AH, Friis S, Johansen C, Jensen A, Frei P, Kjaear SK, Dalton SO and Schüz J: Mobile phone use and the risk of skin cancer: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Am J Epidemiol. 178:190–197. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
82	Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K and Eriksson M: Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Pathophysiology. 18:325–333. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
83	Smith-Roe SL, Wyde ME, Stout MD, Winters JW, Hobbs CA, Shepard KG, Green AS, Kissling GE, Tice RR, Bucher JR, et al: Evaluation of the genotoxicity of cell phone radiofrequency radiation in male and female rats and mice following subchronic exposure. In: Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society, Annual Meeting; Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. September 9-13, 2017;
84	Lai H and Singh NP: Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 18:446–454. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
85	Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O and Kyrylenko S: Oxidative mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation. Electromagn Biol Med. 35:186–202. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar
86	Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R and Abegaonkar MP: Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Neurotoxicology. 51:158–165. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
87	Hardell L and Carlberg M: Using the Hill viewpoints from 1965 for evaluating strengths of evidence of the risk for brain tumors associated with use of mobile and cordless phones. Rev Environ Health. 28:97–106. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
88	The 5G Appeal: Scientists and doctors warn of potential serious health effects of 5G. Available from: http://www.5gappeal.eu/scientists-and-doctors-warn-of-potential-serious-health-effects-of-5g/ (Accessed on 4 July, 2018).
89	Russell CL: 5 G wireless telecommunications expansion: Public health and environmental implications. Environ Res. 165:484–495. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
90	Betzalel N, Ben Ishai P and Feldman Y: The human skin as a sub-THz receiver - Does 5G pose a danger to it or not? Environ Res. 163:208–216. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
91	Melnick RL: Commentary on the utility of the National Toxicology Program Study on cell phone radiofrequency radiation data for assessing human health risks despite unfounded criticisms aimed at minimizing the findings of adverse health effects. Environ Res. 168:1–6. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI