Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
February-2017 Volume 15 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2017 Volume 15 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease

  • Authors:
    • Xin‑Hong Wang
    • Xin Xie
    • Xiao‑Guang Luo
    • Hong Shang
    • Zhi‑Yi He
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 768-776
    |
    Published online on: December 23, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6070
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by the selective and progressive death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation is important in the degeneration of DA neurons. The purinergic receptor subtype P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is key in the activation and proliferation of microglia. The present study aimed to examine whether inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors is neuroprotective in a rat model of PD, specifically via inhibiting p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK). In an intranigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rat model of PD, immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced expression of P2X7R was observed in microglia. The administration of the P2X7R antagonist, brilliant blue G (BBG), reduced activation of the microglia and the loss of nigral DA neurons. In addition, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis revealed the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK increased in the microglia of the LPS‑injected rats, which was inhibited by BBG treatment. The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, reduced microglial activation and the loss of DA neurons. Thus, these findings suggested that inhibition of P2X7R by BBG attenuated microglial activation and the loss of substantia nigra DA neurons via p38 MAPK in the rat LPS model of PD.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Hirsch EC, Vyas S and Hunot S: Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 18 Suppl 1:S210–S212. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Appel SH: Inflammation in Parkinson's disease: Cause or consequence? Mov Disord. 27:1075–1077. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Qian L, Flood PM and Hong JS: Neuroinflammation is a key player in Parkinson's disease and a prime target for therapy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 117:971–979. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Ouchi Y, Yagi S, Yokokura M and Sakamoto M: Neuroinflammation in the living brain of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 15 Suppl 3:S200–S204. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Anderson KM, Olson KE, Estes KA, Flanagan K, Gendelman HE and Mosley RL: Dual destructive and protective roles of adaptive immunity in neurodegenerative disorders. Transl Neurodegener. 3:252014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Gao HM, Jiang J, Wilson B, Zhang W, Hong JS and Liu B: Microglial activation-mediated delayed and progressive degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons: Relevance to Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 81:1285–1297. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Politis M, Su P and Piccini P: Imaging of microglia in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol. 3:962012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Kaur C, Hao AJ, Wu CH and Ling EA: Origin of microglia. Microsc Res Tech. 54:2–9. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Monif M, Reid CA, Powell KL, Smart ML and Williams DA: The P2X7 receptor drives microglial activation and proliferation: A trophic role for P2X7R pore. J Neurosci. 29:3781–3791. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Adinolfi E, Lemoli RM, Curti A, Idzko M, Panther E and Di Virgilio F: The P2X7 receptor: A key player in IL-1 processing and release. J Immunol. 176:3877–3883. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Suzuki T, Hide I, Ido K, Kohsaka S, Inoue K and Nakata Y: Production and release of neuroprotective tumor necrosis factor by P2X7 receptor-activated microglia. J Neurosci. 24:1–7. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kataoka A, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Koga Y, Tsuda M and Inoue K: Activation of P2X7 receptors induces CCL3 production in microglial cells through transcription factor NFAT. J Neurochem. 108:115–125. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Gendron FP, Chalimoniuk M, Strosznajder J, Shen S, González FA, Weisman GA and Sun GY: P2X7 nucleotide receptor activation enhances IFN gamma-induced type II nitric oxide synthase activity in BV-2 microglial cells. J Neurochem. 87:344–352. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Parvathenani LK, Tertyshnikova S, Greco CR, Roberts SB, Robertson B and Posmantur R: P2X7 mediates superoxide production in primary microglia and is up-regulated in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem. 278:13309–13317. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Bartlett R, Yerbury JJ and Sluyter R: P2X7 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species formation and cell death in murine EOC13 microglia. Mediators Inflamm. 2013:2718132013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Monif M, Burnstock G and Williams DA: Microglia: Proliferation and activation driven by the P2X7 receptor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 42:1753–1756. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Skaper SD, Facci L, Culbert AA, Evans NA, Chessell I, Davis JB and Richardson JC: P2X(7) receptors on microglial cells mediate injury to cortical neurons in vitro. Glia. 54:234–242. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Sperlágh B and Illes P: P2X7 receptor: An emerging target in central nervous system diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 35:537–547. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Durrenberger PF, Grünblatt E, Fernando FS, Monoranu CM, Evans J, Riederer P, Reynolds R and Dexter DT: Inflammatory pathways in Parkinson's Disease; A BNE microarray study. Parkinson's Dis. 2012:2147142012.

20 

Yiangou Y, Facer P, Durrenberger P, Chessell IP, Naylor A, Bountra C, Banati RR and Anand P: COX-2, CB2 and P2X7-immunoreactivities are increased in activated microglial cells/macrophages of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord. BMC Neurol. 6:122006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Ryu JK and McLarnon JG: Block of purinergic P2X(7) receptor is neuroprotective in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport. 19:1715–1719. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Diaz-Hernández M, Díez-Zaera M, Sánchez-Nogueiro J, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Canals JM, Alberch J, Miras-Portugal MT and Lucas JJ: Altered P2X7-receptor level and function in mouse models of Huntington's disease and therapeutic efficacy of antagonist administration. FASEB J. 23:1893–1906. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Carmo MR, Menezes AP, Nunes AC, Pliássova A, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Cunha RA, Canas PM and Andrade GM: The P2X7 receptor antagonist Brilliant Blue G attenuates contralateral rotations in a rat model of Parkinsonism through a combined control of synaptotoxicity, neurotoxicity and gliosis. Neuropharmacology. 81:142–152. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Marcellino D, Suárez-Boomgaard D, Sánchez-Reina MD, Aguirre JA, Yoshitake T, Yoshitake S, Hagman B, Kehr J, Agnati LF, Fuxe K and Rivera A: On the role of P2X(7) receptors in dopamine nerve cell degeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: Studies with the P2X(7) receptor antagonist A-438079. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 117:681–687. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Hracskó Z, Baranyi M, Csölle C, Gölöncsér F, Madarász E, Kittel A and Sperlágh B: Lack of neuroprotection in the absence of P2X7 receptors in toxin-induced animal models of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 6:282011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Lenertz LY, Gavala ML, Zhu Y and Bertics PJ: Transcriptional control mechanisms associated with the nucleotide receptor P2X7, a critical regulator of immunologic, osteogenic, and neurologic functions. Immunol Res. 50:22–38. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Bhat NR, Zhang P, Lee JC and Hogan EL: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 subgroups of mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in endotoxin-stimulated primary glial cultures. J Neurosci. 18:1633–1641. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Jeohn GH, Cooper CL, Wilson B, Chang RC, Jang KJ, Kim HC, Liu B and Hong JS: p38 MAP kinase is involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death in rat mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 962:332–346. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Tufekci KU, Genc S and Genc K: The endotoxin-induced neuroinflammation model of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Dis. 2011:4874502011.

30 

Dutta G, Zhang P and Liu B: The lipopolysaccharide Parkinson's disease animal model: Mechanistic studies and drug discovery. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 22:453–464. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Jiang LH, Mackenzie AB, North RA and Surprenant A: Brilliant blue G selectively blocks ATP-gated rat P2X(7) receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 58:82–88. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Sui Y, Stanić D, Tomas D, Jarrott B and Horne MK: Meloxicam reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta. Neurosci Lett. 460:121–125. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Herrera AJ, Castaño A, Venero JL, Cano J and Machado A: The single intranigral injection of LPS as a new model for studying the selective effects of inflammatory reactions on dopaminergic system. Neurobiol Dis. 7:429–447. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Gourine AV, Poputnikov DM, Zhernosek N, Melenchuk EV, Gerstberger R, Spyer KM and Gourine VN: P2 receptor blockade attenuates fever and cytokine responses induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Br J Pharmacol. 146:139–145. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Choe ES and McGinty JF: N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase are required for cAMP-dependent cyclase response element binding protein and Elk-1 phosphorylation in the striatum. Neuroscience. 101:607–617. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Zhu P, Zhan L, Zhu T, Liang D, Hu J, Sun W, Hou Q, Zhou H, Wu B, Wang Y and Xu E: The roles of p38 MAPK/MSK1 signaling pathway in the neuroprotection of hypoxic postconditioning against transient global cerebral ischemia in adult rats. Mol Neurobiol. 49:1338–1349. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Stanic D, Finkelstein DI, Bourke DW, Drago J and Horne MK: Timecourse of striatal re-innervation following lesions of dopaminergic SNpc neurons of the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 18:1175–1188. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Paxinos G and Watson C: The Rat Brain: In Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press; Incorporated: 1998

39 

McLarnon JG, Ryu JK, Walker DG and Choi HB: Upregulated expression of purinergic P2X(7) receptor in Alzheimer disease and amyloid-beta peptide-treated microglia and in peptide-injected rat hippocampus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 65:1090–1097. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Liu H, Han X, Li Y, Zou H and Xie A: Association of P2X7 receptor gene polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson's disease in a Han Chinese population. Neurosci Lett. 546:42–45. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Lehnardt S, Massillon L, Follett P, Jensen FE, Ratan R, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ and Vartanian T: Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:8514–8519. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Facci L, Barbierato M, Marinelli C, Argentini C, Skaper SD and Giusti P: Toll-like receptors 2, −3 and −4 prime microglia but not astrocytes across central nervous system regions for ATP-dependent interleukin-1β release. Sci Rep. 4:68242014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Choi HB, Ryu JK, Kim SU and McLarnon JG: Modulation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor attenuates lipopolysaccharide-mediated microglial activation and neuronal damage in inflamed brain. J Neurosci. 27:4957–4968. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Chen S, Ma Q, Krafft PR, Chen Y, Tang J, Zhang J and Zhang JH: P2X7 receptor antagonism inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and ameliorates neuronal apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Crit Care Med. 41:e466–e474. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Wu F, Wang Z, Gu JH, Ge JB, Liang ZQ and Qin ZH: p38(MAPK)/p53-Mediated Bax induction contributes to neurons degeneration in rotenone-induced cellular and rat models of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int. 63:133–140. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Pawate S, Shen Q, Fan F and Bhat NR: Redox regulation of glial inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide and interferongamma. J Neurosci Res. 77:540–551. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Krishna M and Narang H: The complexity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) made simple. Cell Mol Life Sci. 65:3525–3544. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Franke H, Verkhratsky A, Burnstock G and Illes P: Pathophysiology of astroglial purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal. 8:629–657. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang XH, Xie X, Luo XG, Shang H and He ZY: Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 15: 768-776, 2017.
APA
Wang, X., Xie, X., Luo, X., Shang, H., & He, Z. (2017). Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease. Molecular Medicine Reports, 15, 768-776. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6070
MLA
Wang, X., Xie, X., Luo, X., Shang, H., He, Z."Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 15.2 (2017): 768-776.
Chicago
Wang, X., Xie, X., Luo, X., Shang, H., He, Z."Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 15, no. 2 (2017): 768-776. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6070
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang XH, Xie X, Luo XG, Shang H and He ZY: Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Med Rep 15: 768-776, 2017.
APA
Wang, X., Xie, X., Luo, X., Shang, H., & He, Z. (2017). Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease. Molecular Medicine Reports, 15, 768-776. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6070
MLA
Wang, X., Xie, X., Luo, X., Shang, H., He, Z."Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 15.2 (2017): 768-776.
Chicago
Wang, X., Xie, X., Luo, X., Shang, H., He, Z."Inhibiting purinergic P2X7 receptors with the antagonist brilliant blue G is neuroprotective in an intranigral lipopolysaccharide animal model of Parkinson's disease". Molecular Medicine Reports 15, no. 2 (2017): 768-776. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6070
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team