Open Access

Adipose‑PAS interactions in the context of its localised bio‑engineering potential (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Michal Nohawica
    • Abdelmounaim Errachid
    • Marzena Wyganowska‑Swiatkowska
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: July 5, 2021     https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1446
  • Article Number: 70
  • Copyright: © Nohawica et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Adipocytes are a known source of stem cells. They are easy to harvest, and are a suitable candidate for autogenous grafts. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) have multiple target tissues which they can differentiate into, including bone and cartilage. In adipose tissue, ADSCs are able to differentiate, as well as providing energy and a supply of cytokines/hormones to manage the hypoxic and lipid/hormone saturated adipose environment. The plasminogen activation system (PAS) controls the majority of proteolytic activities in both adipose and wound healing environments, allowing for rapid cellular migration and tissue remodelling. While the primary activation pathway for PAS occurs through the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), which is highly expressed by endothelial cells, its function is not limited to enabling revascularisation. Proteolytic activity is dependent on protease activation, localisation, recycling mechanisms and substrate availability. uPA and uPA activated plasminogen allows pluripotent cells to arrive to new local environments and fulfil the niche demands. However, overstimulation, the acquisition of a migratory phenotype and constant protein turnover can be unconducive to the formation of structured hard and soft tissues. To maintain a suitable healing pattern, the proteolytic activity stimulated by uPA is modulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Depending on the physiological settings, different parts of the remodelling mechanism are activated with varying results. Utilising the differences within each microenvironment to recreate a desired niche is a valid therapeutic bio‑engineering approach. By controlling the rate of protein turnover combined with a receptive stem cell lineage, such as ADSC, a novel avenue on the therapeutic opportunities may be identified, which can overcome limitations, such as scarcity of stem cells, low angiogenic potential or poor host tissue adaptation.
View Figures
View References

Related Articles

Journal Cover

August-2021
Volume 15 Issue 2

Print ISSN: 2049-9434
Online ISSN:2049-9442

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Nohawica M, Errachid A and Wyganowska‑Swiatkowska M: Adipose‑PAS interactions in the context of its localised bio‑engineering potential (Review). Biomed Rep 15: 70, 2021
APA
Nohawica, M., Errachid, A., & Wyganowska‑Swiatkowska, M. (2021). Adipose‑PAS interactions in the context of its localised bio‑engineering potential (Review). Biomedical Reports, 15, 70. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1446
MLA
Nohawica, M., Errachid, A., Wyganowska‑Swiatkowska, M."Adipose‑PAS interactions in the context of its localised bio‑engineering potential (Review)". Biomedical Reports 15.2 (2021): 70.
Chicago
Nohawica, M., Errachid, A., Wyganowska‑Swiatkowska, M."Adipose‑PAS interactions in the context of its localised bio‑engineering potential (Review)". Biomedical Reports 15, no. 2 (2021): 70. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1446