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Article

Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and the severity of COVID‑19

  • Authors:
    • Samantha Sanches De Carvalho
    • Anna Carolina Blanco Capassi Santos
    • Marcos Yuji Shiroma Graziano
    • Marina Cristina Peres
    • Renan Sousa Silva
    • Isabella Dudjak Rosa Trufelli
    • Glaucia Luciano Da Veiga
    • Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
    • Beatriz Da Costa Aguiar Alves
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Clinical Analysis Laboratory, FMABC University Center, Santo André, São Paulo 09060‑870, Brazil, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09913‑030, Brazil
  • Article Number: 191
    |
    Published online on: October 10, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2069
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Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), uses the angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) to enter host cells. Variability in gene expression of these entry factors has been hypothesized to influence susceptibility and disease severity. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in nasopharyngeal cells and their association with COVID‑19 infection and clinical outcomes. Nasopharyngeal samples from 491 individuals (aged 18‑80 years) treated in public hospitals in Brazil during 2020 were analyzed. Patients were categorized based on SARS‑CoV‑2 reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) results and disease severity (including intensive care unit admission). Gene expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were quantified using RT‑qPCR, and statistical analyses assessed associations with infection status, age, sex, and disease severity. The findings revealed that infected individuals were significantly older (P=0.0010) and predominantly male (52.9%). ACE2 expression was significantly reduced in SARS‑CoV‑2‑positive individuals compared with negative individuals (P<0.001), but no association with severity or sex was observed. By contrast, high ACE2 levels were found in moderately symptomatic SARS‑CoV‑2‑negative individuals. TMPRSS2 expression did not significantly differ by infection status or disease severity. In summary, ACE2 downregulation appeared to be associated with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, potentially reflecting viral evasion mechanisms. However, neither ACE2 nor TMPRSS2 gene expression in the nasopharynx served as a reliable biomarker for predicting COVID‑19 severity. These findings underscore the need for multifactorial models integrating host, viral, and clinical factors to improve our understanding disease progression.
View Figures

Figure 1

(A-D) Correlation between age and
ACE2 expression in nasopharyngeal cells from individuals (A)
with SARS-CoV-2 infection and (C) without SARS-CoV-2 infection, and
TMPRSS2 expression in individuals (B) with SARS-CoV-2
infection and (D) without the virus. Spearman's correlation test
was used to analyze the data. ACE2, angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2.

Figure 2

Expression of (A) ACE2 and (B)
TMPRSS2 in the nasopharyngeal cells of individuals with and
without SARS-CoV-2 infection. Expression values were obtained using
the formula 2-ΔΔCq. ACE2, angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2;
SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Figure 3

Comparison of the TMPRSS2/ACE2 ratio
between individuals with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection. While
ACE2 expression alone was not associated with disease
severity, the TMPRSS2/ACE2 ratio clearly differentiated infected
from non-infected individuals (with SARS-CoV-2, 3.094±10.920 vs.
without SARS-CoV-2, 0.024±0.047; P<0.0001), suggesting a
potential synergistic role of these receptors in viral
pathogenesis.

Figure 4

TMPRSS2/ACE2 ratio across
COVID-19-positive individuals stratified by disease severity (1,
mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe). No significant correlation was
observed between the ratio and disease severity (r=-0.033; P=0.67),
indicating that this ratio is independent of disease severity.

Figure 5

ACE2 gene expression in the
nasopharyngeal cells of individuals (A) without SARS-CoV-2 and (B)
with the virus, according to their disease status. The
Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the data. ACE2,
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Figure 6

TMPRSS2 gene expression in the
nasopharyngeal cells of individuals (A) without SARS-CoV-2 and (B)
with the virus, according to their disease status. The
Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the data. TMPRSS2,
transmembrane serine protease 2; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Sanches De Carvalho S, Blanco Capassi Santos AC, Shiroma Graziano MY, Peres MC, Sousa Silva R, Trufelli ID, Luciano Da Veiga G, Fonseca FL and Da Costa Aguiar Alves B: Expression of <em>ACE2</em> and <em>TMPRSS2</em> and the severity of COVID‑19. Biomed Rep 23: 191, 2025.
APA
Sanches De Carvalho, S., Blanco Capassi Santos, A.C., Shiroma Graziano, M.Y., Peres, M.C., Sousa Silva, R., Trufelli, I.D. ... Da Costa Aguiar Alves, B. (2025). Expression of <em>ACE2</em> and <em>TMPRSS2</em> and the severity of COVID‑19. Biomedical Reports, 23, 191. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2069
MLA
Sanches De Carvalho, S., Blanco Capassi Santos, A. C., Shiroma Graziano, M. Y., Peres, M. C., Sousa Silva, R., Trufelli, I. D., Luciano Da Veiga, G., Fonseca, F. L., Da Costa Aguiar Alves, B."Expression of <em>ACE2</em> and <em>TMPRSS2</em> and the severity of COVID‑19". Biomedical Reports 23.6 (2025): 191.
Chicago
Sanches De Carvalho, S., Blanco Capassi Santos, A. C., Shiroma Graziano, M. Y., Peres, M. C., Sousa Silva, R., Trufelli, I. D., Luciano Da Veiga, G., Fonseca, F. L., Da Costa Aguiar Alves, B."Expression of <em>ACE2</em> and <em>TMPRSS2</em> and the severity of COVID‑19". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 6 (2025): 191. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2069
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Sanches De Carvalho S, Blanco Capassi Santos AC, Shiroma Graziano MY, Peres MC, Sousa Silva R, Trufelli ID, Luciano Da Veiga G, Fonseca FL and Da Costa Aguiar Alves B: Expression of <em>ACE2</em> and <em>TMPRSS2</em> and the severity of COVID‑19. Biomed Rep 23: 191, 2025.
APA
Sanches De Carvalho, S., Blanco Capassi Santos, A.C., Shiroma Graziano, M.Y., Peres, M.C., Sousa Silva, R., Trufelli, I.D. ... Da Costa Aguiar Alves, B. (2025). Expression of <em>ACE2</em> and <em>TMPRSS2</em> and the severity of COVID‑19. Biomedical Reports, 23, 191. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2069
MLA
Sanches De Carvalho, S., Blanco Capassi Santos, A. C., Shiroma Graziano, M. Y., Peres, M. C., Sousa Silva, R., Trufelli, I. D., Luciano Da Veiga, G., Fonseca, F. L., Da Costa Aguiar Alves, B."Expression of <em>ACE2</em> and <em>TMPRSS2</em> and the severity of COVID‑19". Biomedical Reports 23.6 (2025): 191.
Chicago
Sanches De Carvalho, S., Blanco Capassi Santos, A. C., Shiroma Graziano, M. Y., Peres, M. C., Sousa Silva, R., Trufelli, I. D., Luciano Da Veiga, G., Fonseca, F. L., Da Costa Aguiar Alves, B."Expression of <em>ACE2</em> and <em>TMPRSS2</em> and the severity of COVID‑19". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 6 (2025): 191. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2069
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