Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
2014-April Volume 7 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-April Volume 7 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure

  • Authors:
    • Hong-Mei Chen
    • Hong-Li Liu
    • Yu-Cong Yang
    • Xiao-Li Cheng
    • Yue‑Fei Wang
    • Fan-Fan Xing
    • Ying-Ren Zhao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1013-1019
    |
    Published online on: February 10, 2014
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1533
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of interleukin (IL)-21 in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. IL-21 stimulates T and B cell responses and plays a role in the control of chronic viral infections. Serum IL-21 levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 109 patients with chronic HBV infection at various clinical stages, as well as in 19 healthy controls (HCs). The proportion of T cells producing IL-21 in the peripheral blood was assessed by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry. Mean serum IL-21 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and the HCs were 303.54±152.77 pg/ml and 68.24±9.06 pg/ml, respectively (P=0.003). In addition, the mean serum IL-21 level in patients with hepatitis B-related acute‑on‑chronic liver failure (HB-ACLF) was 455.38±412.38 pg/ml, which exhibited a statistically significant difference when compared with the HCs (P=0.000). Serum IL-21 levels were highest in the patients with HB-ACLF (455.38±412.38 pg/ml) and exhibited a significant difference when compared with the CHB patients (P=0.04). The mean serum IL-21 levels in patients with cirrhosis also increased, but there was no statistically significant difference when compared with the HCs (P=0.82). The frequency of IL-21+CD4+ cells also increased compared with the HCs and correlated with the number and percentage of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Serum IL-21 levels increased in CHB and HB‑ACLF patients. Relatively low serum IL-21 levels in CHB may have a causal role in the persistence of HBV infection. Higher serum levels in HB-ACLF may activate T and B cells to eliminate the virus or injure the liver via the release of inflammatory cytokines.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Lavanchy D: Worldwide epidemiology of HBV infection, disease burden, and vaccine prevention. J Clin Virol. 34(Suppl 1): S1–S3. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Abdurakhmanov DT: Chronic HBV infection. Klin Med (Mosk). 80:20–26. 2002.(In Russian).

3 

Rapicetta M, Ferrari C and Levrero M: Viral determinants and host immune responses in the pathogenesis of HBV infection. J Med Virol. 67:454–457. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Nakamura I, Ochiai K and Imawari M: Persistent infection of HBV - host-related factors and viral factors. Nihon Rinsho. 62(Suppl 8): S112–S115. 2004.(In Japanese).

5 

Bertoletti A and Ferrari C: Kinetics of the immune response during HBV and HCV infection. Hepatology. 38:4–13. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Takaki A, Tatsukawa M, Koike K and Shiratori Y: Mechanism of immune surveillance against HBV infection. Nihon Rinsho. 62(Suppl 8): S62–S65. 2004.(In Japanese).

7 

Zeng R, Spolski R, Casas E, Zhu W, Levy DE and Leonard WJ: The molecular basis of IL-21-mediated proliferation. Blood. 109:4135–4142. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Liu Z, Yang L, Cui Y, et al: Il-21 enhances NK cell activation and cytolytic activity and induces Th17 cell differentiation in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 15:1133–1144. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Parrish-Novak J, Foster DC, Holly RD and Clegg CH: Interleukin-21 and the IL-21 receptor: novel effectors of NK and T cell responses. J Leukoc Biol. 72:856–863. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Wang T, Diaz-Rosales P, Costa MM, et al: Functional characterization of a nonmammalian IL-21: rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss IL-21 upregulates the expression of the Th cell signature cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-22. J Immunol. 186:708–721. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

11 

MacDonald TT, Bell I and Monteleone G: The opposing roles of IL-21 and TGFβ1 in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Soc Trans. 39:1061–1066. 2011.

12 

Liu L, Xu Y, Wang J and Li H: Upregulated IL-21 and IL-21 receptor expression is involved in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Mol Vis. 15:2938–2944. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Bubier JA, Sproule TJ, Foreman O, et al: A critical role for IL-21 receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus in BXSB-Yaa mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:1518–1523. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Liu R, Wu Q, Su D, et al: A regulatory effect of IL-21 on T follicular helper-like cell and B cell in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 14:R2552012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Yoshizaki A, Miyagaki T, DiLillo DJ, et al: Regulatory B cells control T-cell autoimmunity through IL-21-dependent cognate interactions. Nature. 491:264–268. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Habib T, Senadheera S, Weinberg K and Kaushansky K: The common gamma chain (gamma c) is a required signaling component of the IL-21 receptor and supports IL-21-induced cell proliferation via JAK3. Biochemistry. 41:8725–8731. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

de Totero D, Meazza R, Capaia M, et al: The opposite effects of IL-15 and IL-21 on CLL B cells correlate with differential activation of the JAK/STAT and ERK1/2 pathways. Blood. 111:517–524. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Asao H, Okuyama C, Kumaki S, et al: Cutting edge: the common gamma-chain is an indispensable subunit of the IL-21 receptor complex. J Immunol. 167:1–5. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ettinger R, Kuchen S and Lipsky PE: The role of IL-21 in regulating B-cell function in health and disease. Immunol Rev. 223:60–86. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Johnson LD and Jameson SC: Immunology. A chronic need for IL-21. Science. 324:1525–1526. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Deenick EK and Tangye SG: Autoimmunity: IL-21: a new player in Th17-cell differentiation. Immunol Cell Biol. 85:503–505. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Barker BR, Gladstone MN, Gillard GO, Panas MW and Letvin NL: Critical role for IL-21 in both primary and memory anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol. 40:3085–3096. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Nurieva R, Yang XO, Martinez G, et al: Essential autocrine regulation by IL-21 in the generation of inflammatory T cells. Nature. 448:480–483. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

McGavern DB: A little ‘help’ from IL-21 during persistent viral infection. J Mol Cell Biol. 2:8–10. 2010.

25 

Zhao CC, Xue J, Cong Z, et al: Circulating IL-21 levels increase during early simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques. Arch Virol. 158:853–858. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Pallikkuth S, Parmigiani A and Pahwa S: Role of IL-21 and IL-21 receptor on B cells in HIV infection. Crit Rev Immunol. 32:173–195. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Papatriantafyllou M: Antiviral immunity: IL-21 comes with age. Nat Rev Immunol. 11:236–237. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Iannello A, Boulassel MR, Samarani S, et al: Dynamics and consequences of IL-21 production in HIV-infected individuals: a longitudinal and cross-sectional study. J Immunol. 184:114–126. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Iannello A, Samarani S and Ahmad A: Comment on ‘HIV-specific IL-21 producing CD4+ T cells are induced in acute and chronic progressive HIV infection and are associated with relative viral control’. J Immunol. 185:56752010.

30 

Elsaesser H, Sauer K and Brooks DG: IL-21 is required to control chronic viral infection. Science. 324:1569–1572. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Green KJ, Rowbottom DG and Mackinnon LT: Exercise and T-lymphocyte function: a comparison of proliferation in PBMC and NK cell-depleted PBMC culture. J Appl Physiol (1985). 92:2390–2395. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Cho SH, Stanciu LA, Begishivili T, Bates PJ, Holgate ST and Johnston SL: Peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cell type 1 and type 2 cytokine production in atopic asthmatic and normal subjects. Clin Exp Allergy. 32:427–433. 2002.

33 

Gauduin MC, Kaur A, Ahmad S, Yilma T, Lifson JD and Johnson RP: Optimization of intracellular cytokine staining for the quantitation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses in rhesus macaques. J Immunol Methods. 288:61–79. 2004.

34 

Garba ML and Frelinger JA: Intracellular cytokine staining for TGF-beta. J Immunol Methods. 258:193–198. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Paunio M, Heinonen OP, Virtanen M, Leinikki P, Patja A and Peltola H: Measles history and atopic diseases: a population-based cross-sectional study. JAMA. 283:343–346. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Goeser T and Töx U: Therapy of hepatitis B and C. Problem situations in chronic HBV and HCV infection. Praxis (Bern 1994). 91:983–990. 2002.(In German).

37 

Kuo A and Gish R: Chronic hepatitis B infection. Clin Liver Dis. 16:347–369. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Ma SW, Huang X, Li YY, et al: High serum IL-21 levels after 12 weeks of antiviral therapy predict HBeAg seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 56:775–781. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Grimm D, Heeg M and Thimme R: Hepatitis B virus: from immunobiology to immunotherapy. Clin Sci (Lond). 124:77–85. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Michailidis E, Kirby KA, Hachiya A, et al: Antiviral therapies: focus on hepatitis B reverse transcriptase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 44:1060–1071. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Hann HW: Telbivudine: an effective anti-HBV drug for chronic hepatitis B patients with early on-treatment responses. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 11:2243–2249. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Li X, Wang Y, Han D, et al: Correlation of hepatitis B surface antigen level with response to telbivudine in naive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Res. Mar 4–2013.(Epub ahead of print).

43 

Sarin SK, Kumar A, Almeida JA, et al: Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL). Hepatol Int. 3:269–282. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Du WB, Li LJ, Huang JR, et al: Effects of artificial liver support system on patients with acute or chronic liver failure. Transplant Proc. 37:4359–4364. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Ren X, Xu Z, Liu Y, et al: Hepatitis B virus genotype and basal core promoter/precore mutations are associated with hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure without pre-existing liver cirrhosis. J Viral Hepat. 17:887–895. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Zhang Z, Zou ZS, Fu JL, et al: Severe dendritic cell perturbation is actively involved in the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure. J Hepatol. 49:396–406. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Zou Y, Chen T, Han M, et al: Increased killing of liver NK cells by Fas/Fas ligand and NKG2D/NKG2D ligand contributes to hepatocyte necrosis in virus-induced liver failure. J Immunol. 184:466–475. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Xu D, Fu J, Jin L, et al: Circulating and liver resident CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells actively influence the antiviral immune response and disease progression in patients with hepatitis B. J Immunol. 177:739–747. 2006.

49 

Zhang JY, Zhang Z, Lin F, et al: Interleukin-17-producing CD4(+) T cells increase with severity of liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 51:81–91. 2010.

50 

Hu X, Ma S, Huang X, et al: Interleukin-21 is upregulated in hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and associated with severity of liver disease. J Viral Hepat. 18:458–467. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Hashmi MH and Van Veldhuizen PJ: Interleukin-21: updated review of Phase I and II clinical trials in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, metastatic melanoma and relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 10:807–817. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen H, Liu H, Yang Y, Cheng X, Wang YF, Xing F and Zhao Y: Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure. Exp Ther Med 7: 1013-1019, 2014.
APA
Chen, H., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, Y., Xing, F., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 7, 1013-1019. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1533
MLA
Chen, H., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, Y., Xing, F., Zhao, Y."Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7.4 (2014): 1013-1019.
Chicago
Chen, H., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, Y., Xing, F., Zhao, Y."Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7, no. 4 (2014): 1013-1019. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1533
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen H, Liu H, Yang Y, Cheng X, Wang YF, Xing F and Zhao Y: Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure. Exp Ther Med 7: 1013-1019, 2014.
APA
Chen, H., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, Y., Xing, F., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 7, 1013-1019. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1533
MLA
Chen, H., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, Y., Xing, F., Zhao, Y."Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7.4 (2014): 1013-1019.
Chicago
Chen, H., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Cheng, X., Wang, Y., Xing, F., Zhao, Y."Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-related liver failure". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7, no. 4 (2014): 1013-1019. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1533
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team