Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
May-2016 Volume 11 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2016 Volume 11 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction

  • Authors:
    • Francesco Saverio De Ponte
    • Luciano Catalfamo
    • Gregorio Micali
    • Michele Runci
    • Giuseppina Cutroneo
    • Giovanna Vermiglio
    • Antonio Centofanti
    • Giuseppina Rizzo
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Unit of Maxillo‑Facial Surgery, Department of Odonostomatology, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho‑Functional Images, University of Messina, I-98125 Messina, Italy
    Copyright: © De Ponte et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1678-1684
    |
    Published online on: March 15, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3168
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is an adverse effect of bisphosphonate treatment that has become the subject of increasing investigations, in particular due to its poorly understood pathogenesis. Several experimental studies on animal models have been conducted; however, the majority of these replicate human ONJ following tooth extraction, and describe alterations in the bone and gingival epithelium when necrosis is manifested. The aim of the present study was to analyze the rat mandibular bone and gingival epithelium during 45 days of zoledronate treatment (which is a bisphosphonate agent), without tooth extraction. Intraperitoneal injections of zoledronate acid (0.1 mg/kg) were performed three times a week in normal male Wistar rats (n=20), while a control group of rats (n=20) was treated with saline solution for 45 days. After 7, 15, 30 and 45 days of drug treatment, all rats were sacrificed and hematoxilin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed. The results of the analyses after 7 and 15 days of treatment were similar in the treatment and control group. After 30 and 45 days of treatment, structural alterations were observed in the bone. No structural alterations to the gingival epithelium were observed. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that low doses of zoledronate act directly on the bone tissues to induce morphological alterations from bone to necrotic tissue following surgical procedures, although no cytotoxic effects were detected in the gingival epithelium.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Merigo E, Manfredi M, Meleti M, Guidotti R, Ripasarti A, Zanzucchi E, D'Aleo P, Corradi D, Corcione L, Sesenna E, et al: Bone necrosis of the jaws associated with bisphosphonate treatment: A report of twenty-nine cases. Acta Biomed. 77:109–117. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Gutta R and Louis PJ: Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaws: Science and rationale. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 104:186–193. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Migliorati CA, Schubert MM, Peterson DE and Seneda LM: Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of mandibular and maxillary bone: An emerging oral complication of supportive cancer therapy. Cancer. 104:83–93. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Bertoldo F, Santini D and Lo Cascio V: Bisphosphonates and osteomyelitis of the jaw: A pathogenic puzzle. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 4:711–721. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Shipman CM, Rogers MJ, Apperley JF, Russell RG and Croucher PI: Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis in human myeloma cell lines: A novel anti-tumour activity. Br J Haematol. 98:665–672. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Van Beek ER, Cohen LH, Leroy IM, Ebetino FH, Löwik CW and Papapoulos SE: Differentiating the mechanisms of antiresorptive action of nitrogen containing bisphosphonates. Bone. 33:805–811. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Rogers MJ, Crockett JC, Coxon FP and Mönkkönen J: Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates. Bone. 49:34–41. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Hughes DE, MacDonald BR, Russell RG and Gowen M: Inhibition of osteoclast-like cell formation by bisphosphonates in long-term cultures of human bone marrow. J Clin Invest. 83:1930–1935. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Löwik CW, van der Pluijm G, van der Wee-Pals LJ, van Treslong-De Groot HB and Bijvoet OL: Migration and phenotypic transformation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts: The effect of abisphosphonate. J Bone Miner Res. 3:185–192. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Fleisch H, Russell RG and Francis MD: Diphosphonates inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution in vitro and bone resorption in tissue culture and in vivo. Science. 165:1262–1264. 1969. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Coxon FP, Helfrich MH, Van't Hof R, Sebti S, Ralston SH, Hamilton A and Rogers MJ: Protein geranylgeranylation is required for osteoclast formation, function and survival: Inhibition by bisphosphonates and GGTI-298. J Bone Miner Res. 15:1467–1476. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Marx RE: Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: A growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 61:1115–1117. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Costa L, Lipton A and Coleman RE: Role of bisphosphonates for the management of skeletal complications and bone pain from skeletal metastases. Support Cancer Ther. 3:143–153. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Mawardi H, Giro G, Kajiya M, Ohta K, Almazrooa S, Alshwaimi E, Woo SB, Nishimura I and Kawai T: A role of oral bacteria in bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw. J Dent Res. 90:1339–1345. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Fournier P, Boissier S, Filleur S, Guglielmi J, Cabon F, Colombel M and Clézardin P: Bisphosphonates inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and testosterone-stimulated vascular regrowth in the ventral prostate in castrated rats. Cancer Res. 62:6538–6544. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Kobayashi Y, Hiraga T, Ueda A, Wang L, Matsumoto-Nakano M, Hata K, Yatani H and Yoneda T: Zoledronic acid delays wound healing of the tooth extraction socket, inhibits oral epithelial cell migration and promotes proliferation and adhesion to hydroxyapatite of oral bacteria, without causing osteonecrosis of the jaw, in mice. J Bone Miner Metab. 28:165–175. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Khokher MA and Dandona P: Diphosphonates inhibit human osteoblast secretion and proliferation. Metabolism. 38:184–187. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

De Ponte FS, Favaloro A, Siniscalchi EN, Centofanti A, Runci M, Cutroneo G and Catalfamo L: Sarcoglycans and integrins in bisphosphonate treatment: Immunohistochemical and scanning electron microscopy study. Oncol Rep. 30:2639–2646. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Siniscalchi Nastro E, Cutroneo G, Catalfamo L, Santoro G, Allegra A, Oteri G, Cicciù D, Alonci A, Penna G, Musolino C, et al: Immunohistochemial evaluation of sarcoglycans and integrins in gingival epithelium of multiple myeloma patients with bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw. Oncol Rep. 24:129–134. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

20 

Senel FC, Duman Kadioglu M, Muci E, Cankaya M, Pampu AA, Ersoz S and Gunhan O: Jaw bone changes in rats after treatment with zoledronate and pamidronate. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 109:385–391. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Su J, Feng M, Han W and Zhao H: The effects of bisphosphonate on the remodeling of different irregular bones in mice. J Oral Pathol Med. 44:638–648. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Pautke C, Kreutzer K, Weitz J, Knödler M, Münzel D, Wexel G, Otto S, Hapfelmeier A, Stürzenbaum S and Tischer T: Bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A minipig large animal model. Bone. 51:592–599. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Pytlik M, Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak I, Sliwiński L, Janiec W and Rymkiewicz I: Effect of concurrent administration of alendronate sodium and retinol on development of changes in histomorphometric parameters of bones induced by ovariectomy in rats. Pol J Pharmacol. 56:571–579. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kapitola J, Zák J, Lacinová Z and Justová V: Effect of growth hormone and pamidronate on bone blood flow, bone mineral and IGF-I levels in the rat. Physiol Res. 49(Suppl 1): S101–S106. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

25 

O'Ryan FS and Lo JC: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with oral bisphosphonate exposure: Clinical course and outcomes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 70:1844–1853. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Ruggiero SL, Carlson ER and Assael LA: Comprehensive review of bisphosphonate therapy: Implications for the oral and maxillofacial surgery patient. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 67(Suppl 5): S12009. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Arco A, Favaloro A, Gioffrè M, Santoro G, Speciale F, Vermiglio G and Cutroneo G: Sarcoglycans in the normal and pathological breast tissue of humans: An immunohistochemical and molecular study. Cells Tissues Organs. 195:550–562. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Hynes RO: Integrins: Versatility, modulation and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell. 69:11–25. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Trimarchi F, Favaloro A, Fulle S, Magaudda L, Puglielli C and Di Mauro D: Culture of human skeletal muscle myoblasts: Timing appearance and localization of dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and vinculin-talin-integrin complex. Cells Tissues Organs. 183:87–98. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Cankaya AB, Erdem MA, Isler SC, Demircan S, Soluk M, Kasapoglu C and Oral CK: Use of Cone-Beam Computerized Tomography for Evaluation of Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in an Experimental Rat Model. Int J Med Sci. 8:667–672. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Ali-Erdem M, Burak-Cankaya A, Cemil-Isler S, Demircan S, Soluk M, Kasapoglu C and Korhan-Oral C: Extraction socket healing in rats treated with bisphosphonate: Animal model for bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of jaws in multiple myeloma patients. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 16:879–883. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Murakami H, Takahashi N, Sasaki T, Udagawa N, Tanaka S, Nakamura I, Zhang D, Barbier A and Suda T: A possible mechanism of the specific action of bisphosphonates on osteoclasts: Tiludronate preferentially affects polarized osteoclasts having ruffled borders. Bone. 17:137–144. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Biver E, Vieillard MH, Cortet B, Salleron J, Falgayrac G and Penel G: No anti-angiogenic effect of clinical dosing regimens of a single zoledronic acid injection in an experimental bone healing site. Bone. 46:643–648. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Tanaka Y, Nagai Y, Dohdoh M, Oizumi T, Ohki A, Kuroishi T, Sugawara S and Endo Y: In vitro cytotoxicity of zoledronate (nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate: NBP) and/or etidronate (non-NBP) in tumour cells and periodontal cells. Arch Oral Biol. 58:628–637. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Lustosa-Pereira A, Garcia RB, de Moraes IG, Bernardineli N, Bramante CM and Bortoluzzi EA: Evaluation of the topical effect of alendronate on the root surface of extracted and replanted teeth. Microscopic analysis on rats' teeth. Dent Traumatol. 22:30–35. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Lekic P, Rubbino I, Krasnoshtein F, Cheifetz S, McCulloch CA and Tenenbaum H: Bisphosphonate modulates proliferation and differentiation of rat periodontal ligament cells during wound healing. Anat Rec. 247:329–340. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yoshida M and Ozawa E: Glycoprotein complex anchoring dystrophin to sarcolemma. J Biochem. 108:748–752. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Ervasti JM and Campbell KP: A role for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex as a transmembrane linker between laminin and actin. J Cell Biol. 122:209–231. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Campbell KP: Three muscular dystrophies: Loss of cytoskeleton-extracellular matrix linkage. Cell. 80:675–679. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS): Office Anesthesia Evaluation Manual (8th). AAOMS, Rosemont, IL, USA: 1899–1900. 2011.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
De Ponte FS, Catalfamo L, Micali G, Runci M, Cutroneo G, Vermiglio G, Centofanti A and Rizzo G: Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction. Exp Ther Med 11: 1678-1684, 2016.
APA
De Ponte, F.S., Catalfamo, L., Micali, G., Runci, M., Cutroneo, G., Vermiglio, G. ... Rizzo, G. (2016). Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1678-1684. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3168
MLA
De Ponte, F. S., Catalfamo, L., Micali, G., Runci, M., Cutroneo, G., Vermiglio, G., Centofanti, A., Rizzo, G."Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.5 (2016): 1678-1684.
Chicago
De Ponte, F. S., Catalfamo, L., Micali, G., Runci, M., Cutroneo, G., Vermiglio, G., Centofanti, A., Rizzo, G."Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 5 (2016): 1678-1684. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3168
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
De Ponte FS, Catalfamo L, Micali G, Runci M, Cutroneo G, Vermiglio G, Centofanti A and Rizzo G: Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction. Exp Ther Med 11: 1678-1684, 2016.
APA
De Ponte, F.S., Catalfamo, L., Micali, G., Runci, M., Cutroneo, G., Vermiglio, G. ... Rizzo, G. (2016). Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1678-1684. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3168
MLA
De Ponte, F. S., Catalfamo, L., Micali, G., Runci, M., Cutroneo, G., Vermiglio, G., Centofanti, A., Rizzo, G."Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.5 (2016): 1678-1684.
Chicago
De Ponte, F. S., Catalfamo, L., Micali, G., Runci, M., Cutroneo, G., Vermiglio, G., Centofanti, A., Rizzo, G."Effect of bisphosphonates on the mandibular bone and gingival epithelium of rats without tooth extraction". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 5 (2016): 1678-1684. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3168
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team