Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
October-2016 Volume 12 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2016 Volume 12 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis

  • Authors:
    • Daijie Fu
    • Xifu Shang
    • Zhe Ni
    • Guoguang Shi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Orthopedics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2735-2740
    |
    Published online on: August 31, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3642
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Shikonin has previously been shown to have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and extensive pharmacological effects. The aim of the present study was to explore whether the protective effect of shikonin is mediated via the inhibition of inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis, and to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms in a rat model of osteoarthritis. A model of osteoarthritis was established in healthy male Sprague‑Dawley rats and 10 mg/kg/day shikonin was administered intraperitoneally for 4 days. It was found that shikonin treatment significantly inhibited inflammatory reactions in the rats with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was found to significantly increase interleukin (IL)‑1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels compared with those in the sham group. However, shikonin treatment significantly inhibited the increases in IL‑1β, TNF‑α and iNOS levels in the rats with osteoarthritis. Furthermore, caspase‑3 activity and cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2 protein expression were significantly increased and phosphorylated Akt protein expression was greatly suppressed in rats with osteoarthritis when compared with the sham group. Shikonin administration attenuated the changes in caspase‑3 activity and COX‑2 expression and Akt phosphorylation in rats with osteoarthritis. These results indicate that shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Wu C, Tian B, Qu X, Liu F, Tang T, Qin A, Zhu Z and Dai K: MicroRNAs play a role in chondrogenesis and osteoarthritis (review). Int J Mol Med. 34:13–23. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Yu H, Wang Y, Guo Y, Wang H, Chen B and Zhao X: Quality assessment of randomized controlled trials reporting on knee osteoarthritis treated with warming needle moxibustion. J Tradit Chin Med. 34:621–626. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Wang X, Wei S, Liu T, Pang J, Gao N, Ding D, Duan T, Cao Y, Zheng Y and Zhan H: Effectiveness, medication patterns and adverse events of traditional Chinese herbal patches for osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:3431762014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Baker KR, Xu L, Zhang Y, Nevitt M, Niu J, Aliabadi P, Yu W and Felson D: Quadriceps weakness and its relationship to tibiofemoral and patellofemoral knee osteoarthritis in Chinese: The Beijing osteoarthritis study. Arthritis Rheum. 50:1815–1821. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Robertson C, Archibald D, Avenell A, Douglas F, Hoddinott P, van Teijlingen E, Boyers D, Stewart F, Boachie C, Fioratou E, et al: Systematic reviews of and integrated report on the quantitative, qualitative and economic evidence base for the management of obesity in men. Health Technol Assess. 18(v-vi): xxiii–xxix, 1-424. 2014.

6 

Lu H, Hou G, Zhang Y, Dai Y and Zhao H: C-Jun transactivates Puma gene expression to promote osteoarthritis. Mol Med Rep. 9:1606–1612. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Patel DV, Sawant MG and Kaur G: Evaluation of anti-osteoarthritic activity of Vigna mungo in papain induced osteoarthritis model. Indian J Pharmacol. 47:59–64. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Wang F, Wu L, Li L and Chen S: Monotropein exerts protective effects against IL-1β-induced apoptosis and catabolic responses on osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol. 23:575–580. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Zangerle PF, De Groote D, Lopez M, Meuleman RJ, Vrindts Y, Fauchet F, Dehart I, Jadoul M, Radoux D and Franchimont P: Direct stimulation of cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-2, IFN-gamma and GM-CSF) in whole blood: II. Application to rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Cytokine. 4:568–575. 1992.

10 

Zamli Z, Brown K Robson, Tarlton JF, Adams MA, Torlot GE, Cartwright C, Cook WA, Vassilevskaja K and Sharif M: Subchondral bone plate thickening precedes chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degradation in spontaneous animal models of osteoarthritis. Biomed Res Int. 2014:6068702014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wang X, Hayashi S, Umezaki M, Yamamoto T, Kageyama-Yahara N, Kondo T and Kadowaki M: Shikonin, a constituent of Lithospermum erythrorhizon exhibits anti-allergic effects by suppressing orphan nuclear receptor Nr4a family gene expression as a new prototype of calcineurin inhibitors in mast cells. Chem Biol Interact. 224C:117–127. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Wada N, Kawano Y, Fujiwara S, Kikukawa Y, Okuno Y, Tasaki M, Ueda M, Ando Y, Yoshinaga K, Ri M, et al: Shikonin, dually functions as a proteasome inhibitor and a necroptosis inducer in multiple myeloma cells. Int J Oncol. 46:963–972. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Wang R, Yin R, Zhou W, Xu D and Li S: Shikonin and its derivatives: A patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 22:977–997. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Lu L, Qin A, Huang H, Zhou P, Zhang C, Liu N, Li S, Wen G, Zhang C, Dong W, et al: Shikonin extracted from medicinal Chinese herbs exerts anti-inflammatory effect via proteasome inhibition. Eur J Pharmacol. 658:242–247. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Öberg AI, Yassin K, Csikasz RI, Dehvari N, Shabalina IG, Hutchinson DS, Wilcke M, Östenson CG and Bengtsson T: Shikonin increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells and improves plasma glucose levels in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. PLoS One. 6:e225102011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Fox BA and Stephens MM: Glucosamine/chondroitin/primorine combination therapy for osteoarthritis. Drugs Today (Barc). 45:21–31. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Cicero AF and Laghi L: Activity and potential role of licofelone in the management of osteoarthritis. Clin Interv Aging. 2:73–79. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Guo D, Cao XW, Liu JW, Niu W, Ma ZW, Lin DK, Chen JY, Lian WD, Ouyang WW and Liu J: Clinical effectiveness and micro-perfusion alteration of Jingui external lotion in patients with knee osteoarthritis: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 16:1242015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li X, Song G and Feng H: Clinical outcome of simultaneous high tibial osteotomy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction for medial compartment osteoarthritis in young patients with anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees: A systematic review. Arthroscopy. 31:507–519. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Andújar I, Recio MC, Bacelli T, Giner RM and Ríos JL: Shikonin reduces oedema induced by phorbol ester by interfering with IkappaBalpha degradation thus inhibiting translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus. Br J Pharmacol. 160:376–388. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Hilgendorff A, Muth H, Parviz B, Staubitz A, Haberbosch W, Tillmanns H and Hölschermann H: Statins differ in their ability to block NF-kappaB activation in human blood monocytes. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 41:397–401. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kwak SC, Lee C, Kim JY, Oh HM, So HS, Lee MS, Rho MC and Oh J: Chlorogenic acid inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by down-regulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 expression. Biol Pharm Bull. 36:1779–1786. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Bowles RD, Mata BA, Bell RD, Mwangi TK, Huebner JL, Kraus VB and Setton LA: In vivo luminescence imaging of NF-κB activity and serum cytokine levels predict pain sensitivities in a rodent model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66:637–646. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Cho HJ, Lee KW and Park JH: Erucin exerts anti-inflammatory properties in murine macrophages and mouse skin: Possible mediation through the inhibition of NFκB signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 14:20564–20577. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Toegel S, Weinmann D, André S, Walzer SM, Bilban M, Schmidt S, Chiari C, Windhager R, Krall C, Bennani-Baiti IM and Gabius HJ: Galectin-1 couples glycobiology to inflammation in osteoarthritis through the activation of an NF-κB-regulated gene network. J Immunol. 196:1910–1921. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Ni S, Miao K, Zhou X, Xu NW, Li CK, Zhu RX, Sun RB and Wang YJ: The involvement of follistatin-like protein 1 in osteoarthritis by elevating NF-κB-mediated inflammatory cytokines and enhancing fibroblast like synoviocyte proliferation. Arthritis Res Ther. 17:912015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Chan DD, Xiao WF, Li J, de la Motte CA, Sandy JD and Plaas A: Deficiency of hyaluronan synthase 1 (Has1) results in chronic joint inflammation and widespread intra-articular fibrosis in a murine model of knee joint cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 23:1879–1889. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Yang Y, Wang J, Yang Q, Wu S, Yang Z, Zhu H, Zheng M, Liu W, Wu W, He J and Chen Z: Shikonin inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of HMGB1 in RAW264.7 cells via IFN and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 19:81–87. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Fang HY, Chen CY, Hung MF, Hsiao YT, Chiang TC, Lin TY, Chang HW, Chow KC and Ko WJ: Caspase-14 is an anti-apoptotic protein targeting apoptosis-inducing factor in lung adenocarcinomas. Oncol Rep. 26:359–369. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Chan DD, Xiao WF, Li J, de la Motte CA, Sandy JD and Plaas A: Deficiency of hyaluronan synthase 1 (Has1) results in chronic joint inflammation and widespread intra-articular fibrosis in a murine model of knee joint cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 23:1879–1889. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Machner A, Baier A, Wille A, Drynda S, Pap G, Drynda A, Mawrin C, Bühling F, Gay S, Neumann W and Pap T: Higher susceptibility to Fas ligand induced apoptosis and altered modulation of cell death by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in periarticular tenocytes from patients with knee joint osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 5:R253–R261. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Sezgin M, Barlas İÖ, Yıldır S, Türköz G, Ankaralı HÇ, Şahin G and Erdal ME: Apoptosis-related Fas and FasL gene polymorphisms' associations with knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int. 33:2039–2043. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

López-Armada MJ, Caramés B, Cillero-Pastor B, Lires-Deán M, Maneiro E, Fuentes I, Ruíz C, Galdo F and Blanco FJ: Phosphatase-1 and-2A inhibition modulates apoptosis in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes independently of nitric oxide production. Ann Rheum Dis. 64:1079–1082. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Takács-Buia L, Iordachel C, Efimov N, Caloianu M, Montreuil J and Bratosin D: Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Chondrocyte replicative senescence or apoptosis? Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 74:356–362. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Prasad RG, Choi YH and Kim GY: Shikonin isolated from lithospermum erythrorhizon downregulates proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by suppressing crosstalk between reactive oxygen species and NF-κB. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 23:110–118. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Yu SM and Kim SJ: Withaferin A-caused production of intracellular reactive oxygen species modulates apoptosis via PI3K/Akt and JNKinase in rabbit articular chondrocytes. J Korean Med Sci. 29:1042–1053. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Sugimori K, Matsui K, Motomura H, Tokoro T, Wang J, Higa S, Kimura T and Kitajima I: BMP-2 prevents apoptosis of the N1511 chondrocytic cell line through PI3K/Akt-mediated NF-kappaB activation. J Bone Miner Metab. 23:411–419. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Lee KN, Seo MC, Bae IH, Oh SH, Jang WG, Jeong BC, Oh WM, Kim SH, Lee SE, Shim KM, et al: COMP-Ang1, a variant of angiopoietin 1, inhibits serum-deprived apoptosis of mesenchymal cells via PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Pharmacology. 86:327–335. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Huang CS, Lin AH, Yang TC, Liu KL, Chen HW and Lii CK: Shikonin inhibits oxidized LDL-induced monocyte adhesion by suppressing NFκB activation via up-regulation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-dependent antioxidation in EA hy926 endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 93:352–361. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Kamei R, Kitagawa Y, Kadokura M, Hattori F, Hazeki O, Ebina Y, Nishihara T and Oikawa S: Shikonin stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via an insulin-independent tyrosine kinase pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 292:642–651. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Fu D, Shang X, Ni Z and Shi G: Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Exp Ther Med 12: 2735-2740, 2016.
APA
Fu, D., Shang, X., Ni, Z., & Shi, G. (2016). Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12, 2735-2740. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3642
MLA
Fu, D., Shang, X., Ni, Z., Shi, G."Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12.4 (2016): 2735-2740.
Chicago
Fu, D., Shang, X., Ni, Z., Shi, G."Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12, no. 4 (2016): 2735-2740. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3642
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Fu D, Shang X, Ni Z and Shi G: Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Exp Ther Med 12: 2735-2740, 2016.
APA
Fu, D., Shang, X., Ni, Z., & Shi, G. (2016). Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12, 2735-2740. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3642
MLA
Fu, D., Shang, X., Ni, Z., Shi, G."Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12.4 (2016): 2735-2740.
Chicago
Fu, D., Shang, X., Ni, Z., Shi, G."Shikonin inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis by regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model of osteoarthritis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12, no. 4 (2016): 2735-2740. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3642
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team