Open Access

Myocardial fibrosis in congenital and pediatric heart disease (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jing Tian
    • Xinjiang An
    • Ling Niu
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: March 10, 2017     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4224
  • Pages: 1660-1664
  • Copyright: © Tian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Cardiac fibrosis is a common phenomenon in different types of heart diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, inherited cardiomyopathy mutations, diabetes, and ageing and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Increased accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) that impacts cardiac function, is the underlying cause of fibrotic heart disease. There are four different types of cardiac fibrosis, including, reactive interstitial fibrosis, replacement fibrosis, infiltrative interstitial fibrosis and endomyocardial fibrosis. They are involved in the activation and transformation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, which participate in ECM production and fibrotic process and several inflammatory pathways. Besides the ECM proteins, myofibroblasts also express smooth muscle α‑actin, SM22 and caldesmon and other markers related to fibrotic process. Most commonly employed techniques to assess myocardial fibrosis include stress echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. Because of the involvement of renin‑angiotensin‑II‑aldosterone system, transforming growth factor‑β signaling and activin-linked kinase 5 in the mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis, these pathways and the involved proteins are useful as therapeutic targets. However, because of the importance of these pathways in many other physiological functions, their therapeutic targeting needs to be approached with caution.
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May-2017
Volume 13 Issue 5

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Tian J, An X and Niu L: Myocardial fibrosis in congenital and pediatric heart disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 13: 1660-1664, 2017
APA
Tian, J., An, X., & Niu, L. (2017). Myocardial fibrosis in congenital and pediatric heart disease (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 13, 1660-1664. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4224
MLA
Tian, J., An, X., Niu, L."Myocardial fibrosis in congenital and pediatric heart disease (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13.5 (2017): 1660-1664.
Chicago
Tian, J., An, X., Niu, L."Myocardial fibrosis in congenital and pediatric heart disease (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 13, no. 5 (2017): 1660-1664. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4224