Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
November-2017 Volume 14 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2017 Volume 14 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis

  • Authors:
    • Xiaowei Wang
    • Yingying Zhu
    • Daofeng Ni
    • Wei Lv
    • Zhiqiang Gao
    • Fang Qi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3971-3978
    |
    Published online on: August 28, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5042
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of glucocorticoid intervention on olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis (AR). An AR animal model was established by intraperitoneal injection and intranasal application of ovalbumin to mice. The olfactory function of the mice was evaluated using a buried food test, and morphological changes in the nasal mucosa were determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of olfactory marker protein (OMP) in the olfactory mucosa was tested by immunohistochemistry, and was observed on days 7 and 14 after the application of glucocorticoid. The incidence rate of olfactory dysfunction in AR mice was 75.34%, and the olfactory epithelium became thinner in mice with AR compared to the control group. In addition, the expression of OMP in the olfactory epithelium was downregulated in mice with AR compared with the control group. Expression of OMP in the olfactory epithelium was upregulated in the budesonide group A and betamethasone group A compared with the medicine‑free group, whereas the expression of OMP in the olfactory epithelium of budesonide group A or betamethasone group A was not significantly different from the control group. Moreover, the expression of OMP in the budesonide group B was similar to budesonide group A, and expression of OMP in betamethasone group B was similar to betamethasone group A. The expression of OMP in olfactory mucosa is downregulated in AR mice with olfactory dysfunction. Following the application of glucocorticoid, the expression of OMP in the olfactory mucosa in mice is upregulated. Moreover, intranasal local glucocorticoid has a low incidence of systemic adverse reactions, and is recommended for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction in AR.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Ni DF: Olfactory disorders and olfactory function test. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 17:571–575. 2003.(In Chinese).

2 

Stenner M, Vent J, Huttenbrink KB, Hummel T and Damm M: Topical therapy in anosmia: Relevance of steroid-responsiveness. Laryngoscope. 18:1681–1686. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, Zuberbier T, Baena-Cagnani CE, Canonica GW, van Weel C, et al: Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the world health organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 86 Suppl 63:86–160. 2008.

4 

Guilemany JM, García-Piñero A, Alobid I, Cardelús S, Centellas S, Bartra J, Valero A, Picado C and Mullol J: Persistent allergic rhinitis has a moderate impact on the sense of smell, depending on both nasal congestion and inflammation. Laryngoscope. 119:233–238. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Gu ZY: Respiratory tract inflammation. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 36:397–399. 2001.(In Chinese).

6 

Amit A, Saxena VS, Pratibha N, D'Souza P, Bagchi M, Bagchi D and Stohs SJ: Mast cell stabilization, lipoxygenase inhibition, hyaluronidase inhibition, antihistaminic and antispasmodic activities of Aller-7, a novel botanical formulation for allergic rhinitis. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 29:107–115. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Mott AE, Cain WS, Lafreniere D, Leonard G, Gent JF and Frank ME: Topical corticosteroid treatment of anosmia associated with nasal and sinus disease. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 123:367–372. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Simola M and Malmberg H: Sense of smell in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy. 53:190–194. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Kirtsreesakul V and Naclerio RM: Role of allergy in rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 4:17–23. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Moll B, Klimek L, Eggers G and Mann W: Comparison of olfactory function in patients with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 53:297–301. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Cowart BJ, Flynn-Rodden K, McGeady SJ and Lowry LD: Hyposmia in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 91:747–751. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Rombaux P, Collet S, Eloy P, Ledeghen S and Bertrand B: Smell disorders in ENT clinic. B-ENT. 1 Suppl 1:97–109. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Doty RL and Mishra A: Olfactory and its alteration by nasal obstruction, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 111:409–423. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Guss J, Doghramji L, Reger C and Chiu AG: Olfactory dysfunction in allergic rhinitis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 71:268–272. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

van Beek TA and Montoro P: Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A. 1216:2002–2032. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Berghard A, Buck LB and Liman ER: Evidence for distinct signaling mechanisms in two mammalian olfactory sense organ. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:2365–2369. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Buck LB: The molecular architecture of odor and pheromone sensing in mammals. Cell. 100:611–618. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Kass MD, Moberly AH, Rosenthal MC, Guang SA and McGann JP: Odor-specific, olfactory marker protein-mediated sparsening of primary olfactory input to the brain after odor exposure. J Neurosci. 33:6594–6602. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Lee AC, He J and Ma M: Olfactory marker protein is critical for functional maturation of olfactory sensory neurons and development of mother preference. J Neurosci. 31:2974–2982. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Faulcon P, Biacabe B and Bonfils P: Contribution of corticosteroid treatment in neurosensorial anosomia: A series of 62 patients. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac. 117:374–377. 2000.(In French). PubMed/NCBI

21 

Heilmann S, Huettenbrink KB and Hummel T: Local and systemic administration of corticosteroid in the treatment of olfactory loss. Am J Rhinol. 18:29–33. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Stevens MH: Steroid-dependent anosmia. Laryngoscope. 111:200–203. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hilberg O: Effect of terfenadine and budesonide on nasal symptoms, olfaction, and nasal airway patency following allergen challenge. Allergy. 50:683–688. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Guan J, Ni DF, Wang J, Zhu Y, Xu C, Chen X and Liu J: Therapy for olfactory disorder associated with URTI along with nasal and accessory nasal diseases. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 24:484–488. 2010.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

25 

Miescher SM and Vogel M: Molecular aspects of allergy. Mol Aspects Med. 23:413–462. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Takahashi N, Aramaki Y and Tsuchiy S: Allergic rhinitis model with Brown Norway rat and evaluation of antiallergic drugs. J Pharmacobiodyn. 13:414–420. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Nakaya M, Dohi M, Okunishi K, Nakagome K, Tanaka R, Imamura M, Baba S, Takeuchi N, Yamamoto K and Kaga K: Noninvasive system for evaluating allergen-induced nasal hypersensitivity in murine allergic rhinitis. Lab Invest. 86:917–926. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Tanaka K, Okamoto Y, Nagaya Y, Nishimura F, Takeoka A, Hanada S, Kohno S and Kawai M: A nasal allergy model developed in the guinea pig by application of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 85:392–397. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Sehmi R, Wood LJ, Watson R, Foley R, Hamid Q, O'Byrne PM and Denburg JA: Allergen-induced increases in IL-5 receptor alpha-subunit expression on bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells from asthmatic subjects. A novel marker of progenitor cell commitment towards eosinophilic differentiation. J Clin Invest. 100:2466–2475. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Lin J, Wei YX, Wang XD and Yang L: Observation of the olfactory mucosa in mice with allergic rhinitis olfactory dysfunction. Zhongguo Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke. 15:465–468. 2008.(In Chinese).

31 

Carr VM, Robinson AM and Kern RC: Tissue-specific effects of allergic rhinitis in mouse nasal epithelia. Chem Senses. 37:655–668. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Wirth S, Stemmelin J, Will B, Christen YVES and Di Scala G: Facilitative effects of EGb 761 on olfactory recognition in young and aged rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 65:321–326. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Nathan BP, Yost J, Litherland MT, Struble RG and Switzer PV: Olfactory function in apoE knockout mice. Behav Brain Res. 150:1–7. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Liebenauer LL and Slotnick BM: Social organization and aggression in a group of olfactory bulbectomized male mice. Physiol Behav. 60:403–409. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Seiden AM and Duncan HJ: The diagnosis of a conductive olfactory loss. Laryngoscope. 111:9–14. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Klimek L and Eggers G: Olfactory dysfunction in allergic rhinitis is related to nasal eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 100:158–164. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Doty RL and Mishra A: Olfaction and its alternation by nasal obstruction, rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 111:409–423. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Chen ZH and Ni DF: Research progress of odorant receptor. Guo Ji Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 15:465–468. 2008.(In Chinese).

39 

Hummel T, Rissom K, Reden J, Hähner A, Weidenbecher M and Hüttenbrink KB: Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss. Laryngoscope. 119:496–499. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Henkin RI, Potolicchio SJ Jr and Levy LM: Improvement in smell and taste dysfunction after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Am J Otolarnygol. 32:38–46. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Hotchkiss WT: Influence of prednisone on nasal polyposis with anosmia; preliminary report. AMA Arch Otolaryngol. 64:478–479. 1956. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Fukazawa K, Fujii M, Tomofuji S, Ogasawara H, Seo W and Sakagami M: Local injection of dexamethasone acetate suspension into the nasal mucosa in cases of olfactory disturbance. Nippon Jibinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 102:1175–1183. 1999.(In Japanese). View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Seo BS, Lee HJ, Mo JH, Lee CH, Rhee CS and Kim JW: Treatment of postviral olfactory loss with glucocorticoids, Ginkgo biloba, and mometasone nasal spray. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 135:1000–1004. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Lee GS, Cho JH, Park CS, Jung SH, Lee DH, Jun BC, Song CE and Cho KJ: The effect of Ginkgo biloba on the expression of intermediate-early antigen (c-fos) in the experimentally induced anosmic mouse. Auris Nasus Larynx. 36:287–291. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Robinson AM, Kern RC, Foster JD, Fong KJ and Pitovski DZ: Expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein in the olfactory mucosa: Physiologic and pathophysiologic implications. Laryngoscope. 108:1238–1242. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Takanosawa M, Nishino H, Ohta Y and Ichimura K: Glucocorticoids enhance regeneration of murine olfactory epithelium. Acta Otolaryngol. 129:1002–1009. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Wei Y, Zhang C, Miao X, Xing F, Liu X, Zhao H, Zhan X and Han D: Effects of glucocorticoid on cyclic nucleotide-gated channels of olfactory receptor neurons. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 38:90–95. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang X, Zhu Y, Ni D, Lv W, Gao Z and Qi F: Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis. Exp Ther Med 14: 3971-3978, 2017.
APA
Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Ni, D., Lv, W., Gao, Z., & Qi, F. (2017). Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 3971-3978. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5042
MLA
Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Ni, D., Lv, W., Gao, Z., Qi, F."Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14.5 (2017): 3971-3978.
Chicago
Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Ni, D., Lv, W., Gao, Z., Qi, F."Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14, no. 5 (2017): 3971-3978. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5042
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang X, Zhu Y, Ni D, Lv W, Gao Z and Qi F: Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis. Exp Ther Med 14: 3971-3978, 2017.
APA
Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Ni, D., Lv, W., Gao, Z., & Qi, F. (2017). Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 3971-3978. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5042
MLA
Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Ni, D., Lv, W., Gao, Z., Qi, F."Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14.5 (2017): 3971-3978.
Chicago
Wang, X., Zhu, Y., Ni, D., Lv, W., Gao, Z., Qi, F."Intranasal application of glucocorticoid alleviates olfactory dysfunction in mice with allergic rhinitis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14, no. 5 (2017): 3971-3978. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5042
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team