Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 15 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 15 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes

  • Authors:
    • Shi Cheng
    • Yan Yang
    • Yong Zhou
    • Wei Xiang
    • Hua Yao
    • Ling Ma
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China, Department of Child Healthcare, People's Hospital (Children's Hospital) North Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China, Department of Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China, Health Management Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
  • Pages: 3659-3665
    |
    Published online on: February 12, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5855
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by the steatosis of hepatocytes, which induces oxidative stress (OS). Thus, OS has an important role in the development of NAFLD. In the present study, the L‑02 hepatocyte cell line was used to develop a steatosis cell model. The best model was determined using an MTT assay and the triglyceride levels. Model cells were treated with high concentrations of uric acid (UA; 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/dl) for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Indicators of oxidation were then measured, which included total superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and the transcriptional and translational levels of SOD1 and γ‑glutamate‑cysteine ligase (γ‑GCLC) were also determined. In addition, the intracellular levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were detected. The activity of SOD1 decreased over time and the result was supported by the results of western blotting. The transcriptional levels of SOD1 in model cells was significantly higher than untreated cells at 48 h. With the decreased levels of SOD1 and GSH, MDA increased in a time‑dependent manner. The content of GSH decreased with time as well, which was also reflected in the results of western blotting. The transcriptional levels of γ‑GCLC in all UA‑treated groups were lower when compared with those observed in the model group. The activity of ALT tended to increase, depending on the duration of treatment. Treatment with 5 and 10 mg/dl UA had an antioxidative effect on the model cells, and 30 mg/dl UA treatment for 48 h increased OS in the cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Gori M, Simonelli MC, Giannitelli SM, Businaro L, Trombetta M and Rainer A: Investigating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a liver-on-a-chip microfluidic device. PLoS One. 11:e01597292016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Cheung O and Sanyal AJ: Recent advances in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 26:202–208. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Gan L, Xiang W, Xie B and Yu L: Molecular mechanisms of fatty liver in obesity. Front Med. 9:275–287. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Karadeniz G, Acikgoz S, Tekin IO, Tascýlar O, Gun BD and Cömert M: Oxidized low-density-lipoprotein accumulation is associated with liver fibrosis in experimental cholestasis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 63:531–540. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Gentric G, Maillet V, Paradis V, Couton D, L'Hermitte A, Panasyuk G, Fromenty B, Celton-Morizur S and Desdouets C: Oxidative stress promotes pathologic polyploidization in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest. 125:981–992. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Fiskum G, Rosenthal RE, Vereczki V, Martin E, Hoffman GE, Chinopoulos C and Kowaltowski A: Protection against ischemic brain injury by inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative stress. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 36:347–352. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Satapati S, Kucejova B, Duarte JA, Fletcher JA, Reynolds L, Sunny NE, He T, Nair LA, Livingston KA, Fu X, et al: Mitochondrial metabolism mediates oxidative stress and inflammation in fatty liver. J Clin Invest. 125:4447–4462. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Browning JD and Horton JD: Molecular mediators of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. J Clin Invest. 114:147–152. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Xiao J, Ho CT, Liong EC, Nanji AA, Leung TM, Lau TY, Fung ML and Tipoe GL: Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease rat model through TGF/SMAD, PI3 K/Akt/FoxO1, and NF-kappa B pathways. Eur J Nutr. 53:187–199. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, Rizzo WB, Contos MJ, Sterling RK, Luketic VA, Shiffman ML and Clore JN: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology. 120:1183–1192. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Chalasani N, Deeg MA and Crabb DW: Systemic levels of lipid peroxidation and its metabolic and dietary correlates in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 99:1497–1502. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Yesilova Z, Yaman H, Oktenli C, Ozcan A, Uygun A, Cakir E, Sanisoglu SY, Erdil A, Ates Y, Aslan M, et al: Systemic markers of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in patients with nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 100:850–855. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Ames BN, Cathcart R, Schwiers E and Hochstein P: Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: A hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 78:pp. 6858–6862. 1981; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Bonora E, Targher G, Zenere MB, Saggiani F, Cacciatori V, Tosi F, Travia D, Zenti MG, Branzi P, Santi L and Muggeo M: Relationship of uric acid concentration to cardiovascular risk factors in young men. Role of obesity and central fat distribution. The verona young men atherosclerosis risk factors study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 20:975–980. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Yoo TW, Sung KC, Shin HS, Kim BJ, Kim BS, Kang JH, Lee MH, Park JR, Kim H, Rhee EJ, et al: Relationship between serum uric acid concentration and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Circ J. 69:928–933. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lombardi R, Pisano G and Fargion S: Role of serum uric acid and ferritin in the development and progression of NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci. 17:5482016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wang JW, Wan XY, Zhu HT, Lu C, Yu WL, Yu CH, Shen Z and Li YM: Lipotoxic effect of p21 on free fatty acid-induced steatosis in L02 cells. PLoS One. 9:e961242014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Lanaspa MA, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Choi YJ, Cicerchi C, Kanbay M, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Ishimoto T, Li N, Marek G, Duranay M, et al: Uric acid induces hepatic steatosis by generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress: Potential role in fructose-dependent and -independent fatty liver. J Biol Chem. 287:40732–40744. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Zheng X, Gong L, Luo R, Chen H, Peng B, Ren W and Wang Y: Serum uric acid and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in non-obesity Chinese adults. Lipids Health Dis. 16:2022017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Fu YQ, Yang H, Zheng JS, Zeng XY, Zeng W, Fan ZF, Chen M, Wang L and Li D: Positive association between metabolic syndrome and serum uric acid in Wuhan. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 26:343–350. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhou Z, Song K, Qiu J, Wang Y, Liu C, Zhou H, Xu Y, Guo Z, Zhang B and Dong C: Associations between serum Uric acid and the remission of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in chinese males. PLoS One. 11:e01660722016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kushiyama A, Nakatsu Y, Matsunaga Y, Yamamotoya T, Mori K, Ueda K, Inoue Y, Sakoda H, Fujishiro M, Ono H and Asano T: Role of Uric acid metabolism-related inflammation in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome components such as atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mediators Inflamm. 2016:86031642016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Sautin YY, Nakagawa T, Zharikov S and Johnson RJ: Adverse effects of the classic antioxidant uric acid in adipocytes: NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative/nitrosative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 293:C584–C596. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis K and Loridas S: Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer: Respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts and ozone as major causes of lung carcinogenesis through reactive oxygen species mechanisms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 10:3886–3907. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Annuk M, Zilmer M, Lind L, Linde T and Fellström B: Oxidative stress and endothelial function in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 12:2747–2752. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Chen Y, Shertzer HG, Schneider SN, Nebert DW and Dalton TP: Glutamate cysteine ligase catalysis: Dependence on ATP and modifier subunit for regulation of tissue glutathione levels. J Biol Chem. 280:33766–33772. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Vaziri ND, Dicus M, Ho ND, Boroujerdi-Rad L and Sindhu RK: Oxidative stress and dysregulation of superoxide dismutase and NADPH oxidase in renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. 63:179–185. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Broxton CN and Culotta VC: SOD enzymes and microbial pathogens: Surviving the oxidative storm of infection. PLoS Pathog. 12:e10052952016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kondo Y, Masutomi H, Noda Y, Ozawa Y, Takahashi K, Handa S, Maruyama N, Shimizu T and Ishigami A: Senescence marker protein-30/superoxide dismutase 1 double knockout mice exhibit increased oxidative stress and hepatic steatosis. FEBS Open Bio. 522–532. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Li XD, Sun GF, Zhu WB and Wang YH: Effects of high intensity exhaustive exercise on SOD, MDA, and NO levels in rats with knee osteoarthritis. Genet Mol Res. 14:12367–12376. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Jiang J, Yu S, Jiang Z, Liang C, Yu W, Li J, Du X, Wang H, Gao X and Wang X: N-acetyl-serotonin protects HepG2 cells from oxidative stress injury induced by hydrogen peroxide. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014:3105042014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Zhou F, Sun W and Zhao M: Controlled formation of emulsion gels stabilized by salted myofibrillar protein under malondialdehyde (MDA)-induced oxidative stress. J Agric Food Chem. 63:3766–3777. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Thulin P, Rafter I, Stockling K, Tomkiewicz C, Norjavaara E, Aggerbeck M, Hellmold H, Ehrenborg E, Andersson U, Cotgreave I and Glinghammar B: PPARalpha regulates the hepatotoxic biomarker alanine aminotransferase (ALT1) gene expression in human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 231:1–9. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Liu L, Zhong S, Yang R, Hu H, Yu D, Zhu D, Hua Z, Shuldiner AR, Goldstein R, Reagan WJ and Gong DW: Expression, purification, and initial characterization of human alanine aminotransferase (ALT) isoenzyme 1 and 2 in High-five insect cells. Protein Expr Purif. 60:225–231. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Xu Q, Higgins T and Cembrowski GS: Limiting the testing of AST: A diagnostically nonspecific enzyme. Am J Clin Pathol. 144:423–426. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cheng S, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Xiang W, Yao H and Ma L: Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes. Exp Ther Med 15: 3659-3665, 2018.
APA
Cheng, S., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xiang, W., Yao, H., & Ma, L. (2018). Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 3659-3665. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5855
MLA
Cheng, S., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xiang, W., Yao, H., Ma, L."Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15.4 (2018): 3659-3665.
Chicago
Cheng, S., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xiang, W., Yao, H., Ma, L."Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 4 (2018): 3659-3665. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5855
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cheng S, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Xiang W, Yao H and Ma L: Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes. Exp Ther Med 15: 3659-3665, 2018.
APA
Cheng, S., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xiang, W., Yao, H., & Ma, L. (2018). Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 3659-3665. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5855
MLA
Cheng, S., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xiang, W., Yao, H., Ma, L."Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15.4 (2018): 3659-3665.
Chicago
Cheng, S., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xiang, W., Yao, H., Ma, L."Influence of different concentrations of uric acid on oxidative stress in steatosis hepatocytes". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 4 (2018): 3659-3665. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5855
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team