Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 15 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 15 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb

  • Authors:
    • Henrik Lauridsen
    • Casper Bindzus Foldager
    • Line Hansen
    • Michael Pedersen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Medicine, Comparative Medicine Lab, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark, Department of Clinical Medicine, Orthopaedic Research Lab, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
    Copyright: © Lauridsen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3311-3319
    |
    Published online on: February 14, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5865
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Non-invasive methods to track the progress of stem cell therapies are important in the development of future regenerative therapies. Super‑paramagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) have previously been applied to track cells using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in vivo in non‑regenerative animal models. To the best of the author's knowledge, the present study investigated for the first time, the feasibility of tracking SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment, the regenerating limb of the axolotl, and investigated the homing of stem cell‑like blastema cells to the regenerative zone. Viability and labeling success of labeled axolotl blastema cells was tested in vitro using cell culture and histology. SPIO labeling was performed in situ by intramuscular injections and mapped using MRI. Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects were evaluated in the blastema, liver, heart, kidney and a back muscle. Finally, SPIO/Fluorophore-labeled blastema cells were injected intravascularly and tracked using MRI and fluorescence imaging. It was demonstrated that SPIO labeling had no effect on axolotl cell viability in vitro. In situ labeling resulted in an MRI signal alteration during 48 days of regeneration. EPR effect of unbound SPIO was observed only in the liver. MRI tracking revealed increased concentrations of SPIO labeled blastema cells in the liver, kidney and heart, however not the blastema of intravascularly injected axolotls. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that SPIO labeling facilitated non‑invasive tracking of injected cells in the regenerating axolotl limb. An early homing mechanism of injected blastema cells to an injury site was not observed.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Birnbaum KD and Sánchez-Alvarado A: Slicing across kingdoms: Regeneration in plants and animals. Cell. 132:697–710. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Edwards RG: From embryonic stem cells to blastema and MRL mice. Reprod Biomed Online. 16:425–461. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Stocum DL: Regenerative biology and medicine. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2:270–273. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Stocum DL and Zupanc GK: Stretching the limits: Stem cells in regeneration science. Dev Dyn. 237:3648–3671. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Douglas BS: Conservative management of guillotine amputation of the finger in children. Aust Paediatr J. 8:86–89. 1972.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Goss RJ, Van Praagh A and Brewer P: The mechanism of antler casting in the fallow deer. J Exp Zool. 264:429–436. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Goss RJ: Future directions in antler research. Anat Rec. 241:291–302. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Han M, Yang X, Lee J, Allan CH and Muneoka K: Development and regeneration of the neonatal digit tip in mice. Dev Biol. 315:125–135. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Huh JY, Choi BH, Kim BY, Lee SH, Zhu SJ and Jung JH: Critical size defect in the canine mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 100:296–301. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Rosenthal LJ, Reiner MA and Bleicher MA: Nonoperative management of distal fingertip amputations in children. Pediatrics. 64:1–3. 1979.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Krogh A: The progress of physiology. Science. 70:200–204. 1929. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Bryant SV, Endo T and Gardiner DM: Vertebrate limb regeneration and the origin of limb stem cells. Int J Dev Biol. 46:887–896. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Kragl M, Knapp D, Nacu E, Khattak S, Maden M, Epperlein HH and Tanaka EM: Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration. Nature. 460:60–65. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Menger B, Vogt PM, Kuhbier JW and Reimers K: Applying amphibian limb regeneration to human wound healing: A review. Ann Plast Surg. 65:504–510. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Morrison JL, Lööf S, He P and Simon A: Salamander limb regeneration involves the activation of a multipotent skeletal muscle satellite cell population. J Cell Biol. 172:433–440. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Roy S and Gatien S: Regeneration in axolotls: A model to aim for! Exp Gerontol. 43:1–973. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Stoick-Cooper CL, Moon RT and Weidinger G: Advances in signaling in vertebrate regeneration as a prelude to regenerative medicine. Genes Dev. 21:1292–1315. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Armstrong JB and Malacinski GM: Developmental Biology of the Axolotl. Barnes Noble. 65:3361989.

19 

Gresens J: An introduction to the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Lab Anim (NY). 33:41–47. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Endo T, Bryant SV and Gardiner DM: A stepwise model system for limb regeneration. Dev Biol. 270:135–145. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Kumar A, Nevill G, Brockes JP and Forge A: A comparative study of gland cells implicated in the nerve dependence of salamander limb regeneration. J Anat. 217:16–25. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Satoh A, James MA and Gardiner DM: The role of nerve signaling in limb genesis and agenesis during axolotl limb regeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 91 Suppl 4:S90–S98. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Tank PW, Carlson BM and Conelly TG: A staging system for forelimb regeneration in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. J Morphol. 150:117–128. 1976. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Arbab AS, Jordan EK, Wilson LB, Yocum GT, Lewis BK and Frank JA: In vivo trafficking and targeted delivery of magnetically labelled stem cells. Hum Gene Ther. 15:351–360. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Arbab AS, Yocum GT, Kalish H, Jordan EK, Anderson SA, Khakoo AY, Read EJ and Frank JA: Efficient magnetic cell labelling with protamine sulfate complexed to ferumoxides for cellular MRI. Blood. 104:1217–1223. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Saldanha KJ, Piper SL, Ainslie KM, Kim HT and Majumdar S: Magnetic resonance imaging of iron oxide labelled stem cells: Applications to tissue engineering based regeneration of the intervertebral disc. Eur Cell Mater. 16:17–25. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Crevensten G, Walsh AJ, Ananthakrishnan D, Page P, Wahba GM, Lotz JC and Berven S: Intervertebral disc cell therapy for regeneration: Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in rat intervertebral discs. Ann Biomed Eng. 32:430–434. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Sakai D, Mochida J, Iwashina T, Hiyama A, Omi H, Imai M, Nakai T, Ando K and Hotta T: Regenerative effects of transplanting mesenchymal stem cells embedded in atelocollagen to the degenerated intervertebral disc. Biomaterials. 27:335–345. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Haacke EM, Brown RW, Thompson MR and Vankatesan R: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Med diag. 1999.

30 

Ittrich H, Peldschus K, Raabe N, Kaul M and Adam G: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in biomedicine: Applications and development in diagnostics and therapy. Rofo. 185:1149–1166. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Frank JA, Miller BR, Arbab AS, Zywicke HA, Jordan EK, Lewis BK, Bryant LH Jr and Bulte JW: Clinically applicable labelling of mammalian and stem cells by combining superparamagnetic iron oxides and transfection agents. Radiology. 228:480–487. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Kalish H, Arbab AS, Miller BR, Lewis BK, Zywicke HA, Bulte JW, Bryant LH Jr and Frank JA: Combination of transfection agents and magnetic resonance contrast agents for cellular imaging: Relationship between relaxivities, electrostatic forces, and chemical composition. Magn Reson Med. 50:275–282. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Yang CY, Tai MF, Lin CP, Lu CW, Wang JL, Hsiao JK and Liu HM: Mechanism of cellular uptake and impact of ferucarbotran on macrophage physiology. PLoS One. 6:e255242011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Foldager CB, Pedersen M, Ringgaard S, Bünger C and Lind M: Chondrocyte gene expression is affected by very small iron oxide particles-labeling in long-term in vitro MRI tracking. J Magn Reson Imaging. 33:724–730. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Kafuels N, Korn R, Wagner S, Schink T, Hamm B, Taupitz M and Schnorr J: Magnetic resonance imaging of liver metastases: Experimental comparison of anionic and conventional superparamagnetic iron oxide particles with a hepatobiliary contrast medium during dynamic and uptake phases. Invest Radiol. 43:496–503. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Hansen L, Larsen EK, Nielsen EH, Ivesen F, Liu Z, Thomsen K, Pedersen M, Skrydstrup T, Nielsen NC, Ploug M and Kjems J: Targeting of peptide conjugated magnetic nanoparticles to urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expressing cells. Nanoscale. 5:8192–8201. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kumar A and Godwin JW: Preparation and culture of limb blastema stem cells from regenerating larval and adult salamanders. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2010:pdb.prot53672010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Cosden RS, Lattermann C, Romine S, Gao J, Voss SR and MacLeod JN: Intrinsic repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in the axolotl salamander. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 19:200–205. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kullback S and Leibler RA: On information and sufficiency. Ann Math Stat. 22:79–86. 1951. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Takahashi K and Yamanaka S: Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 126:663–676. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Ratcliffe E, Glen KE, Naing MW and Williams DJ: Current status and perspectives on stem cell-based therapies undergoing clinical trials for regenerative medicine: Case studies. Br Med Bull. 108:73–94. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Qi Y, Feng G, Huang Z and Yan W: The application of super paramagnetic iron oxide-labeled mesenchymal stem cells in cell-based therapy. Mol Biol Rep. 40:2733–2740. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Weissleder R, Stark DD, Engelstad BL, Bacon BR, Compton CC, White DL, Jacobs P and Lewis J: Superparamagnetic iron oxide: Pharmacokinetics and toxicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 152:167–173. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Godwin JW, Pinto AR and Rosenthal NA: Macrophages are required for adult salamander limb regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110:pp. 9415–9420. 2013; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Winter EM, Hogers B, van der Graaf LM, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE and van der Weerd L: Cell tracking using iron oxide fails to distinguish dead from living transplanted cells in the infarcted heart. Magn Reson Med. 63:817–821. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Lauridsen H, Foldager CB, Hansen L and Pedersen M: Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb. Exp Ther Med 15: 3311-3319, 2018.
APA
Lauridsen, H., Foldager, C.B., Hansen, L., & Pedersen, M. (2018). Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 3311-3319. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5865
MLA
Lauridsen, H., Foldager, C. B., Hansen, L., Pedersen, M."Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15.4 (2018): 3311-3319.
Chicago
Lauridsen, H., Foldager, C. B., Hansen, L., Pedersen, M."Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 4 (2018): 3311-3319. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5865
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lauridsen H, Foldager CB, Hansen L and Pedersen M: Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb. Exp Ther Med 15: 3311-3319, 2018.
APA
Lauridsen, H., Foldager, C.B., Hansen, L., & Pedersen, M. (2018). Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 3311-3319. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5865
MLA
Lauridsen, H., Foldager, C. B., Hansen, L., Pedersen, M."Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15.4 (2018): 3311-3319.
Chicago
Lauridsen, H., Foldager, C. B., Hansen, L., Pedersen, M."Non-invasive cell tracking of SPIO labeled cells in an intrinsic regenerative environment: The axolotl limb". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 4 (2018): 3311-3319. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5865
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team