Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines

  • Authors:
    • Viviane Aline Oliveira Silva
    • Marcela Nunes Rosa
    • Aline Tansini
    • Renato J.S. Oliveira
    • Olga Martinho
    • João Paulo Lima
    • Luiz F. Pianowski
    • Rui M. Reis
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP 14784 400, Brazil, Medical Oncology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP 01509‑010, Brazil, Kyolab Laboratório de Pesquisa Farmacêutica Ltda, Valinhos, SP 13273‑105, Brazil
    Copyright: © Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 557-566
    |
    Published online on: May 31, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6244
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

A large number of classic antineoplastic agents are derived from plants. Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a subtropical and tropical plant, used in Brazilian folk medicine against many diseases, including cancer, yet little is known about its true anticancer properties. The present study evaluated the antitumor effect of the tetracyclic triterpene alcohol, euphol, the main constituent of E. tirucalli in a panel of 73 human cancer lines from 15 tumor types. The biological effect of euphol in pancreatic cells was also assessed. The combination index was further used to explore euphol interactions with standard drugs. Euphol showed a cytotoxicity effect against several cancer cell lines (IC50 range, 1.41‑38.89 µM), particularly in esophageal squamous cell (11.08 µM) and pancreatic carcinoma cells (6.84 µM), followed by prostate, melanoma, and colon cancer. Cytotoxicity effects were seen in all cancer cell lines, with more than half deemed highly sensitive. Euphol inhibited proliferation, motility and colony formation in pancreatic cancer cells. Importantly, euphol exhibited synergistic interactions with gemcitabine and paclitaxel in pancreatic and esophageal cell lines, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study constitutes the largest in vitro screening of euphol efficacy on cancer cell lines and revealed its in vitro anti‑cancer properties, particularly in pancreatic and esophageal cell lines, suggesting that euphol, either as a single agent or in combination with conventional chemotherapy, is a potential anti‑cancer drug.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Lee JA, Uhlik MT, Moxham CM, Tomandl D and Sall DJ: Modern phenotypic drug discovery is a viable, neoclassic pharma strategy. J Med Chem. 55:4527–4538. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Khazir J, Riley DL, Pilcher LA, De-Maayer P and Mir BA: Anticancer agents from diverse natural sources. Nat Prod Commun. 9:1655–1669. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Cragg GM, Newman DJ and Yang SS: Natural product extracts of plant and marine origin having antileukemia potential. The NCI experience. J Nat Prod. 69:488–498. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines Home Page. Aug 4–2016

5 

Hopkins AL: Network pharmacology: The next paradigm in drug discovery. Nat Chem Biol. 4:682–690. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Braz-Filho R: Contribuição da fitoquímica para o desenvolvimento de um país emergente. Quim Nova. 33:229–239. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Dutra RC, Campos MM, Santos AR and Calixto JB: Medicinal plants in Brazil: Pharmacological studies, drug discovery, challenges and perspectives. Pharmacol Res. 112:4–29. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Franco-Salla GB, Prates J, Cardin LT, Dos Santos AR, Silva WA Jr, da Cunha BR, Tajara EH, Oliani SM and Rodrigues-Lisoni FC: Euphorbia tirucalli modulates gene expression in larynx squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Complement Altern Med. 16:1362016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Prakash E and Gupta DK: Cytotoxic activities of extracts of medicinal plants of euphorbiacae family studied on seven human cancer cell lines. Univers J Plant Sci. 1:113–117. 2013.

10 

Keating GM: Ingenol mebutate gel 0.015 and 0.05%: In actinic keratosis. Drugs. 72:2397–2405. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Lebwohl M, Swanson N, Anderson LL, Melgaard A, Xu Z and Berman B: Ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis. N Engl J Med. 366:1010–1019. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Dutra RC, Bicca MA, Segat GC, Silva KA, Motta EM, Pianowski LF, Costa R and Calixto JB: The antinociceptive effects of the tetracyclic triterpene euphol in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models: The potential role of PKCepsilon. Neuroscience. 303:126–137. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Passos GF, Medeiros R, Marcon R, Nascimento AF, Calixto JB and Pianowski LF: The role of PKC/ERK1/2 signaling in the anti-inflammatory effect of tetracyclic triterpene euphol on TPA-induced skin inflammation in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 698:413–420. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Bani S, Kaul A, Khan B, Gupta VK, Satti NK, Suri KA and Qazi GN: Anti-arthritic activity of a biopolymeric fraction from Euphorbia tirucalli. J Ethnopharmacol. 110:92–98. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Dutra RC, de Souza PR, Bento AF, Marcon R, Bicca MA, Pianowski LF and Calixto JB: Euphol prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice: Evidence for the underlying mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol. 83:531–542. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Wang L, Wang G, Yang D, Guo X, Xu Y, Feng B and Kang J: Euphol arrests breast cancer cells at the G1 phase through the modulation of cyclin D1, p21 and p27 expression. Mol Med Rep. 8:1279–1285. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Lin MW, Lin AS, Wu DC, Wang SS, Chang FR, Wu YC and Huang YB: Euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli selectively inhibits human gastric cancer cell growth through the induction of ERK1/2-mediated apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol. 50:4333–4339. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Santos OJ, Sauaia Filho EN, Nascimento FR, Júnior FC, Fialho EM, Santos RH, Santos RA and Serra IC: Use of raw Euphorbia tirucalli extract for inhibition of ascitic Ehrlich tumor. Rev Col Bras Cir. 43:18–21. 2016.(In English, Portuguese). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

MacNeil A, Sumba OP, Lutzke ML, Moormann A and Rochford R: Activation of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by the latex of the plant Euphorbia tirucalli. Br J Cancer. 88:1566–1569. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Silva-Oliveira RJ, Silva VA, Martinho O, Cruvinel-Carloni A, Melendez ME, Rosa MN, de Paula FE, de Souza Viana L, Carvalho AL and Reis RM: Cytotoxicity of allitinib, an irreversible anti-EGFR agent, in a large panel of human cancer-derived cell lines: KRAS mutation status as a predictive biomarker. Cell Oncol(Dordr). 39:253–263. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Dirks WG, Faehnrich S, Estella IA and Drexler HG: Short tandem repeat DNA typing provides an international reference standard for authentication of human cell lines. Altex. 22:103–109. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Yasukawa K, Akihisa T, Yoshida ZY and Takido M: Inhibitory effect of euphol, a triterpene alcohol from the roots of Euphorbia kansui, on tumour promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 52:119–124. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Dutra RC, Simao da Silva KA, Bento AF, Marcon R, Paszcuk AF, Meotti FC, Pianowski LF and Calixto JB: Euphol, a tetracyclic triterpene produces antinociceptive effects in inflammatory and neuropathic pain: The involvement of cannabinoid system. Neuropharmacology. 63:593–605. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Teixeira TL, Oliveira Silva VA, da Cunha DB, Polettini FL, Thomaz CD, Pianca AA, Zambom FL, da Silva Leitão Mazzi DP, Reis RM and Mazzi MV: Isolation, characterization and screening of the in vitro cytotoxic activity of a novel L-amino acid oxidase (LAAOcdt) from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on human cancer cell lines. Toxicon. 119:203–217. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Martinho O, Zucca LE and Reis RM: AXL as a modulator of sunitinib response in glioblastoma cell lines. Exp Cell Res. 332:1–10. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Martinho O, Silva-Oliveira R, Miranda-Goncalves V, Clara C, Almeida JR, Carvalho AL, Barata JT and Reis RM: In vitro and in vivo analysis of RTK inhibitor efficacy and identification of its novel targets in glioblastomas. Transl Oncol. 6:187–196. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Chou TC and Talalay P: Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: The combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors. Adv Enzyme Regul. 22:27–55. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Bruzzese F, Di Gennaro E, Avallone A, Pepe S, Arra C, Caraglia M, Tagliaferri P and Budillon A: Synergistic antitumor activity of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib and IFN-alpha in head and neck cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res. 12:617–625. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Konecny GE, Glas R, Dering J, Manivong K, Qi J, Finn RS, Yang GR, Hong KL, Ginther C, Winterhoff B, et al: Activity of the multikinase inhibitor dasatinib against ovarian cancer cells. Br J Cancer. 101:1699–1708. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Moniz S, Martinho O, Pinto F, Sousa B, Loureiro C, Oliveira MJ, Moita LF, Honavar M, Pinheiro C, Pires M, et al: Loss of WNK2 expression by promoter gene methylation occurs in adult gliomas and triggers Rac1-mediated tumour cell invasiveness. Hum Mol Genet. 22:84–95. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Freedman VH and Shin SI: Cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice: Correlation with cell growth in semi-solid medium. Cell. 3:355–359. 1974. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Trendowski M: Recent advances in the development of antineoplastic agents derived from natural products. Drugs. 75:1993–2016. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Munro B, Vuong QV, Chalmers AC, Goldsmith CD, Bowyer MC and Scarlett CJ: Phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties of Euphorbia tirucalli methanolic and aqueous extracts. Antioxidants (Basel). 4:647–661. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Choene M and Motadi L: Validation of the antiproliferative effects of Euphorbia tirucalli extracts in breast cancer cell lines. Mol Biol (Mosk). 50:115–127. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Silva AC, de Faria DE, Borges NB, de Souza IA, Peters VM and Guerra Mde O: Toxicological screening of Euphorbia tirucalli L: Developmental toxicity studies in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 110:154–159. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Klemke RL, Cai S, Giannini AL, Gallagher PJ, de Lanerolle P and Cheresh DA: Regulation of cell motility by mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Cell Biol. 137:481–492. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Voutsadakis IA: Molecular predictors of gemcitabine response in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 3:153–164. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Wiedmann MW and Mossner J: New and emerging combination therapies for esophageal cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 5:133–146. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Silva VA, Rosa MN, Tansini A, Oliveira RJ, Martinho O, Lima J, Pianowski LF and Reis RM: In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines. Exp Ther Med 16: 557-566, 2018.
APA
Silva, V.A., Rosa, M.N., Tansini, A., Oliveira, R.J., Martinho, O., Lima, J. ... Reis, R.M. (2018). In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 16, 557-566. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6244
MLA
Silva, V. A., Rosa, M. N., Tansini, A., Oliveira, R. J., Martinho, O., Lima, J., Pianowski, L. F., Reis, R. M."In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 16.2 (2018): 557-566.
Chicago
Silva, V. A., Rosa, M. N., Tansini, A., Oliveira, R. J., Martinho, O., Lima, J., Pianowski, L. F., Reis, R. M."In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 16, no. 2 (2018): 557-566. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6244
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Silva VA, Rosa MN, Tansini A, Oliveira RJ, Martinho O, Lima J, Pianowski LF and Reis RM: In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines. Exp Ther Med 16: 557-566, 2018.
APA
Silva, V.A., Rosa, M.N., Tansini, A., Oliveira, R.J., Martinho, O., Lima, J. ... Reis, R.M. (2018). In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 16, 557-566. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6244
MLA
Silva, V. A., Rosa, M. N., Tansini, A., Oliveira, R. J., Martinho, O., Lima, J., Pianowski, L. F., Reis, R. M."In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 16.2 (2018): 557-566.
Chicago
Silva, V. A., Rosa, M. N., Tansini, A., Oliveira, R. J., Martinho, O., Lima, J., Pianowski, L. F., Reis, R. M."In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer‑derived cell lines". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 16, no. 2 (2018): 557-566. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6244
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team