Effects of permanent cardiac pacemaker implantation on vascular endothelial function, blood coagulation and cardiac function in patients with bradycardia
- Authors:
- Published online on: September 28, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6808
- Pages: 4717-4721
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Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Cardiac pacemakers are generally used in the treatment of patients with bradycardia, through which patients' hemodynamic level can be improved, and their cardiac function can be regulated (1–3). However, clinical studies have shown that implanting a pacemaker may trigger complications related to blood coagulation, but relevant reports have not studied this in-depth (4–6). A total of 53 healthy people, 59 patients implanted with cardiac pacemakers and 58 patients implanted with no pacemaker in Jining First People's Hospital (Jining, China) from January 2015 to August 2017 were selected in this study, so as to explore the effects of permanent cardiac pacemaker implantation on vascular endothelial function, blood coagulation and cardiac function in patients with bradycardia.
Patients and methods
Study objects
A total of 53 healthy individuals and 117 patients with bradycardia in the hospital from January 2015 to August 2017 were selected. Among healthy people, there were 24 males and 29 females, with an average age of (53.21±4.98) years. Among patients with bradycardia, there were 51 males and 66 females, including 44 cases of III-degree atrioventricular block, 33 cases of sick sinus syndrome, 12 cases of aortic stenosis, 22 cases of cardiomyopathy, and 6 cases of sinus bradycardia.
All patients were informed of clinical programs and signed an informed consent. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jining First People's Hospital.
Inclusion criteria: Patients clinically and definitely diagnosed with bradycardia, patients with no significant differences in general data, and patients with good treatment compliance.
Exclusion criteria: Patients with mental illness, and patients with severe damage in heart and liver or other vital organs.
Blood sample collection
Before the implantation of a pacemaker and at 7 days after the implantation, blood samples were collected, mixed and centrifuged at 2,500 × g at 4 °C for 10 min. Then the supernatant plasma was placed in a test tube, and stored in a refrigerator until detection. Blood samples were also collected from the healthy control group and the non-pacemaker implantation group, respectively, and the treatment methods for blood samples were the same as above.
Observation indexes and therapeutic effect evaluation
Prothrombin time (PT) and partial prothrombin time (PTT), factor VIII: coagulation (FVIII:C) activity, von Willebrand factor (vWF), fibrinogen (FIB) and D-dimer (D-D) were measured using the coagulation method (7,8).
Thrombomodulin (TM) and tissue factor (TF) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (9).
Plasma antithrombin activity (AT:A) and plasminogen activity (PLG:A) were measured using chromogenic substrate method (10).
Left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured by echocardiography.
Criteria for quality of life assessment: The Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ-C30) scale is divided into four items including physical, psychological, social and material functions, and the higher the score is, the higher the quality of life is (11).
Complications: Lung infections, constipation, local incision infection, damage to the integrity of the skin.
Statistical analysis
Data were processed and analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 17.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Measurement data were expressed as (mean ± SD). Comparison between multiple groups was done using one-way ANOVA test followed by post hoc test (Least Significant Difference). Enumeration data were expressed as a number, and intergroup differences were detected using Chi-square test. P<0.05 indicates that the difference is statistically different.
Results
Comparison of general clinical data of all patients
There were no significant differences in general data such as age, number of cases, sex distribution and basic diseases in the three groups of patients (P>0.05) (Table I).
Comparison of blood coagulation, vascular endothelial function and cardiac function indexes of patients among the control, non-pacemaker and pacemaker groups
FVIII:C, vWF, AT:A, D-D, TM, TF, LVEF and LVESV in the non-pacemaker and pacemaker groups were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05), in which FVIII:C, vWF, D-D, TM, TF, AT:A and LVESV were significantly higher than those in the control group, while LVEF was significantly lower than that in the control group. There were no significant differences in blood coagulation, vascular endothelial function and cardiac function indexes between the non-pacemaker and pacemaker groups (P>0.05) (Table II).
 | Table II.Comparison of blood coagulation, vascular endothelial function and cardiac function indexes of patients among the control group, the non-pacemaker group and the pacemaker group. |
Comparison of vascular endothelial function, blood coagulation and cardiac function before and after the implantation of a pacemaker
FVIII:C, vWF, FIB, D-D, TF and LVESV in patients after the implantation of a pacemaker were significantly higher than those before the implantation (P<0.05), but LVEF was significantly lower than that before the implantation (P<0.05), and the differences were statistically significant (Table III).
| Table III.Comparison of vascular endothelial function, blood coagulation and cardiac function before and after the implantation of a pacemaker. |
Comparison of vascular endothelial function, blood coagulation and cardiac function after the implantation of different pacemakers
In different pacemaker groups, there were no significant differences in blood coagulation and vascular endothelial indexes, but differences in cardiac function levels were obvious, in which LVEF in dual-chamber (DDD) pacemaker group was significantly higher than that in ventricular inhibited (VVI) pacemaker group, and LVESV in the former group was significantly lower than that in the latter group (P<0.05) (Table IV).
| Table IV.Comparison of vascular endothelial function, blood coagulation and cardiac function after the implantation of different pacemakers. |
Comparison of the quality of life after the implantation of different pacemakers
There was no significant difference in the quality of life of patients implanted with different pacemakers (P>0.05), but the quality of life of patients in the DDD group was higher than that of patients in the VVI group (Table V).
Comparison of complications in patients implanted with different pacemakers
Complications were found after the implantation of pacemakers. It was found that the incidence rate of complications was 66.6% in the VVI group and 48.3% in the DDD group. The incidence rate in the DDD group was significantly lower than that in the VVI group (P<0.05), and the difference was statistically significant (Table VI).
Discussion
Cardiac pacemaker implantation is the main treatment method for bradycardia, and pacemakers are mainly divided into the DDD and VVI pacemakers (12,13). The implantation of pacemakers improves symptoms of bradycardia, but a series of side effects such as increased thrombus formation occur, and there are few clinical studies on thrombosis and blood coagulation (14–16). Therefore, changes in blood coagulation and endothelial function after the implantation of pacemakers in patients with bradycardia were mainly explored in this study.
A variety of indexes can be used to evaluate blood coagulation, endothelial function and cardiac function, in which PT, PTT and vWF and other factors are mainly used for blood coagulation and endothelial function (17). The blood coagulation function is mainly related to vascular endothelial cells, which can secrete various factors after blood vessels are damaged, thus exerting an antithrombotic effect. TM is a protein factor secreted by vascular endothelial cells. When vascular endothelial cells are impaired, the secretion of this factor is increased. At the same time, the synthesis of vWF is accelerated, and the content of TF in the plasma is increased. The above indicators are markers for endothelial cell damage. Plasma AT:A can be used to show how much thrombin is produced in the body. In addition, when the amount of vWF in the body is increased, then, the activity of FVIII:C is also increased, indicating that the body is in a blood coagulation-activated state. PLG:A is a single-chain glycoprotein that is homeostatic when umbilical vessels are undamaged, but when vascular endothelia are damaged, this glycoprotein is activated to be converted into plasmin, which degrades cross-linked fibrin in plasma, leading to increased content of D-D in plasma and further triggering hypercoagulable symptoms (5,6,18).
It was found in this study that there were significant diffe-rences in FVIII:C, vWF, AT:A, D-D, TM, TF, LVEF and LVESV between the bradycardia group and the healthy control group (P<0.05), in which FVIII:C, vWF, D-D, TM, TF and LVESV in the bradycardia group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while LVEF was significantly lower than that in the control group, indicating that blood coagulation index, as well as endothelial and cardiac function in patients with bradycardia are damaged. FVIII:C, vWF, FIB, D-D, TF and LVESV in patients after the implantation of pacemakers were significantly higher than those before implantation (P<0.05), but LVEF was significantly lower than that before implantation (P<0.05). Besides, the changes in the above indexes became more obvious after the implantation of VVI pacemakers, and the change degree was significantly higher than that of DDD group (P<0.05), suggesting that the effect of VVI pacemakers on blood coagulation, as well as endothelial and cardiac function is more obvious. After the implantation of VVI pacemakers, the blood coagulation indexes, TM, vWF and TF changed greatly, indicating that after implantation, the vascular endothelial cells are damaged, thereby significantly increasing the plasma coagulation in vivo and increasing the incidence rate of hypercoagulability. After the implantation of VVI pacemakers, LVEF was more obviously reduced, indicating that VVI pacemakers significantly reduce the cardiac contractility of patients, reduce cardiac output, and affect cardiac function, and they may also activate the sympathetic nerve, which results in changes in myocardial cell structures, thus secreting too many atrial natriuretic peptides and increasing the incidence rate of atrial fibrillation. In terms of the quality of life, it was found that after implantation, the score of the VVI pacemaker was significantly lower than that of the DDD pacemaker, indicating that the VVI pacemaker brings great inconvenience to the life and work of patients. In addition, the incidence of complications in the DDD group was only 48.3%, which was significantly lower than that in the VVI group (66.6%, P<0.05), indicating that the use of DDD pacemakers can reduce adverse reactions with good therapeutic effects.
In conclusion, the use of DDD pacemakers in bradycardia patients can improve the therapeutic effects, reduce complications, improve patients' quality of life, and reduce the effects on blood coagulation, as well as endothelial and cardiac function in patients, which has high clinical treatment value.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
XZ and QL designed the study and performed the experiments. YL, NW and CZ collected the data. YL and DZ analyzed the data. XZ and YL prepared the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jining First People's Hospital (Jining, China). Signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or guardians.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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