Effects of swimming on pain and inflammatory factors in rats with lumbar disc herniation

Huang,Yizhuan; Zhong,Zhendong; Yang,Dandan; Huang,Lingyuan; Hu,Fengjiao; Luo,Dan; Yan,Linxia; Wang,Rong; Zhang,Lijie; Hu,Xuemei; He,Jinli

doi:10.3892/etm.2019.7893

Effects of swimming on pain and inflammatory factors in rats with lumbar disc herniation

Authors:
- Yizhuan Huang
- Zhendong Zhong
- Dandan Yang
- Lingyuan Huang
- Fengjiao Hu
- Dan Luo
- Linxia Yan
- Rong Wang
- Lijie Zhang
- Xuemei Hu
- Jinli He
View Affiliations

Affiliations: Department of Spinal Specialty, The Affiliated Sports Hospital of Chengdu Sport Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, Institute of Laboratory Animals of Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China, Chengdu Lilai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, P.R. China
Published online on: August 14, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7893
Pages: 2851-2858
Copyright: © Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of swimming on nerve root pain in rats with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). A total of 72 male Sprague Dawley rats (215±15 g) were randomly divided into three groups (n=24/group): The sham operation, model and exercise intervention groups, with the latter undergoing 4 weeks of swimming training. On days 0, 7, 14 and 28 following surgery, the changes in the post‑limb mechanical claw threshold, the phospholipase A2 (PLA2), interleukin (IL)‑6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α mRNA expression levels, the secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) expression, the IL‑6 and TNF‑α content, the nuclear factor (NF)‑κBp65 protein expression level in the nucleus pulposus, and the apoptotic rate of the nucleus pulposus cells were detected. The results demonstrated that, in the model group, the threshold of hind paw withdrawal was decreased, and that the sPLA2 expression, IL‑6 and TNF‑α content, PLA2, IL‑6 and TNF‑α mRNA and NF‑κBp65 protein expression levels in the nucleus pulposus were increased. The apoptotic rate of the nucleus pulposus cells was increased from day 7 following surgery, as compared with the sham operation group. In the exercise intervention group, the hind paw withdrawal threshold increased and the TNF‑α and IL‑6 content, sPLA2 expression and PLA2, IL‑6 and TNF‑α mRNA and NF‑κBp65 protein expression levels were decreased from day 14 following surgery, and the apoptotic nucleus pulposus cells were decreased from day 7 following surgery, as compared with the model group. Collectively, the present data suggest that swimming can significantly reduce nerve root pain and inhibit inflammatory reaction in LDH, which can have positive effects on the treatment of LDH.

View Figures

View References

1	Krekoukias G, Gelalis ID, Xenakis T, Gioftsos G, Dimitriadis Z and Sakellari V: Spinal mobilization vs conventional physiotherapy in the management of chronic low back pain due to spinal disk degeneration: A randomized controlled trial. J Man Manip Ther. 25:66–73. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
2	Haines SJ, Jordan N, Boen JR, Nyman JA, Oldridge NB and Lindgren BR; LAPDOG/LEAPDOG Investigators, : Discectomy strategies for lumbar disc herniation: Results of the LAPDOG trial. J Clin Neurosci. 9:411–417. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
3	Ahn SH, Cho YW, Ahn MW, Jang SH, Sohn YK and Kim HS: mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines in herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 27:911–917. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
4	Orief T, Orz Y, Attia W and Almusrea K: Spontaneous resorption of sequestrated intervertebral disc herniation. World Neurosurg. 77:146–152. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
5	Karademir M, Eser O and Karavelioglu E: Adolescent lumbar disc herniation: Impact, diagnosis, and treatment. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 30:347–352. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
6	Karaaslan B, Aslan A, Borcek AO and Kaymaz M: Clinical and surgical outcomes of upper lumbar disc herniations: A retrospective study. Turk J Med Sci. 47:1157–1160. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
7	Cho HK, Kim SY, Choi MJ, Baek SO, Kwak SG and Ahn SH: The effect of GCSB-5 a new herbal medicine on changes in pain behavior and neuroglial activation in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 59:98–105. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
8	Schroeder GD, Guyre CA and Vaccaro AR: The epidemiology and pathophysiology of lumbar disc herniations. Seminars Spine Surg. 28:2–7. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar
9	Gugliotta M, da Costa BR, Dabis E, Theiler R, Jüni P, Reichenbach S, Landolt H and Hasler P: Surgical versus conservative treatment for lumbar disc herniation: A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 6:e0129382016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
10	Pearson AM, Blood EA, Frymoyer JW, Herkowitz H, Abdu WA, Woodward R, Longley M, Emery SE, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD and Weinstein JN: SPORT lumbar intervertebral disk herniation and back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33:428–435. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
11	Shepard N and Cho W: Recurrent lumbar disc herniation: A review. Global Spine J. 9:202–209. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
12	Righesso O, Falavigna A and Avanzi O: Correlation between persistent neurological impairment and clinical outcome after microdiscectomy for treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Neurosurgery. 70:396–397. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar
13	Brotz D, Kuker W, Maschke E, Wick W, Dichgans J and Weller M: A prospective trial of mechanical physiotherapy for lumbar disk prolapse. J Neurol. 250:746–749. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
14	Pourahmadi MR, Taghipour M, Ebrahimi Takamjani I, Sanjari MA, Mohseni-Bandpei MA and Keshtkar AA: Motor control exercise for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 6:e0124262016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
15	Yan J, Hu S, Zou K, Xu M, Wang Q, Miao X, Yu SP and Xu GY: Inhibition of cystathionine β-synthetase suppresses sodium channel activities of dorsal root ganglion neurons of rats with lumbar disc herniation. Sci Rep. 6:381882016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
16	Zhu X, Cao S, Zhu MD, Liu JQ, Chen JJ and Gao YJ: Contribution of chemokine CCL2/CCR2 signaling in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord to the maintenance of neuropathic pain in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. J Pain. 15:516–526. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
17	Zhao LR, Xing RL, Zhang L, Xu B, Li XC and Wang PM: Transient receptor potential signaling pathways influence the hyperalgesia in a rat model of mechanical lumbar disc herniation. Myopain. 23:118–124. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar
18	Kameda T, Kaneuchi Y, Sekiguchi M and Konno SI: Measurement of mechanical withdrawal thresholds and gait analysis using the CatWalk method in a nucleus pulposus-applied rodent model. J Exp Orthop. 4:312017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
19	Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
20	de Souza Grava AL, Ferrari LF and Defino HL: Cytokine inhibition and time-related influence of inflammatory stimuli on the hyperalgesia induced by the nucleus pulposus. Eur Spine J. 21:537–545. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
21	diZerega GS, Traylor MM, Alphonso LS and Falcone SJ: Use of temporary implantable biomaterials to reduce leg pain and back pain in patients with sciatica and lumbar disc herniation. Materials (Basel). 3:3331–3368. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar
22	Yan J, Zou K, Liu X, Hu S, Wang Q, Miao X, Zhu HY, Zhou Y and Xu GY: Hyperexcitability and sensitization of sodium channels of dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of lumber disc herniation. Eur Spine J. 25:177–185. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
23	Russell RL, Levine JM, Jeffery ND, Young C, Mondragon A, Lee B, Boudreau CE, Welsh CJ and Levine GJ: Arachidonic acid pathway alterations in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with naturally occurring spinal cord injury. BMC Neurosci. 17:312016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
24	Gui HQ, Zhi-Sheng MO and Yang J: Value of TNF-α inhibitor in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Med Innovation China. 2017.
25	Shang QS, Huang B and Sheng WH: Detection of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-18 in herniated intervertebral disc and their significance. Orthopedic J China. 17:385–387. 2009.
26	Barichello T, dos Santos ID, Savi GD, Florentino AF, Silvestre C, Comim CM, Feier G, Sachs D, Teixeira MM, Teixeira AL and Quevedo J: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-αlpha) levels in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid after meningitis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Neurosci Lett. 467:217–219. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
27	Hunter CA and Jones SA: IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol. 16:448–457. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
28	Alini M, Eisenstein SM, Ito K, Little C, Kettler AA, Masuda K, Melrose J, Ralphs J, Stokes I and Wilke HJ: Are animal models useful for studying human disc disorders/degeneration? Eur Spine J. 17:2–19. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
29	Chen J, Hou C, Chen X, Wang D, Yang P, He X, Zhou J and Li H: Protective effect of cannabidiol on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in nucleus pulposus cells. Mol Med Rep. 14:2321–2327. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
30	Kermani HR, Hoboubati H, Esmaeili-Mahani S and Asadi-Shekaari M: Induction of intervertebral disc cell apoptosis and degeneration by chronic unpredictable stress. J Neurosurg Spine. 20:578–584. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
31	Wang SL, Yu YL, Tang CL and Lv FZ: Effects of TGF-β1 and IL-1β on expression of ADAMTS enzymes and TIMP-3 in human intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Ther Med. 6:1522–1526. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI
32	Gan H, Ouyang Q, Chen Y and Xia Q: Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and effects of anti-inflammatory treatment thereon in intestinal mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 82:384–388. 2002.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI
33	Luo JG, Zhao XL, Xu WC, Zhao XJ, Wang JN, Lin XW, Sun T and Fu ZJ: Activation of spinal NF-κB/p65 contributes to peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66:896–906. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI