Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
December-2020 Volume 20 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2020 Volume 20 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Hongtao Chen
    • Shipin Wu
    • Xiaoyong Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 223
    |
    Published online on: October 15, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9353
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is a newly emerging infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‑CoV‑2. It first became prevalent in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019. COVID‑19 was initially characterized by pneumonia of unknown etiology, accompanied by fever, dry cough and fatigue. Due to its highly infectious nature it rapidly led to widespread human infection, causing 80,924 confirmed cases and 3,140 mortalities in mainland China as of March 9, 2020. The present review highlights the prevalence of COVID‑19 in China, the etiology, pathology, clinical presentation, laboratory and chest imaging tests, and treatment of this disease.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, et al: Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 395:565–574. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Tan WJ, Zhao X, Ma XJ, Wang W, Niu P, Xu W, Gao GF and Wu G: A novel coronavirus genome identified in a cluster of pneumonia cases-Wuhan, China 2019-2020. China CDC Weekly. 2:61–62. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, et al: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579:270–273. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 5:536–544. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

World Health Organization (WHO): Novel coronavirus disease named COVID-19. WHO, Geneva, 2020. urihttps://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happensimplehttps://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen. Accessed February 11, 2020.

6 

Xiang N, Havers F, Chen T, Song Y, Tu W, Li L, Cao Y, Liu B, Zhou L, Meng L, et al: Use of national pneumonia surveillance to describe influenza A(H7N9) virus epidemiology, China, 2004-2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 19:1784–1790. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Risk assessment: Outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome associated with a novel coronavirus, Wuhan, China. urihttps://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Risk-assessment-pneumonia-Wuhan-China-22-Jan-2020.pdfsimplehttps://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Risk-assessment-pneumonia-Wuhan-China-22-Jan-2020.pdf. Accessed January 22, 2020.

8 

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, et al: A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 382:727–733. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Cohen E: Super spreaders in coronavirus outbreaks. CNN health, 2020. urihttps://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/23/health/wuhan-virus-super-spreader/index.htmlsimplehttps://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/23/health/wuhan-virus-super-spreader/index.html. Accessed January 23, 2020.

10 

China Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Distribution of COVID-19 outbreaks. urihttp://2019ncov.chinacdc.cn/2019-nCoVsimplehttp://2019ncov.chinacdc.cn/2019-nCoV.

11 

Chutian Metropolis Daily: Central steering group: Over 60,000 beds were completed in wuhan in one month, equivalent to the construction of 60 tertiary hospitals. urihttp://news.cnhubei.com/content/2020-03/06/content_12823832.htmlsimplehttp://news.cnhubei.com/content/2020-03/06/content_12823832.html. Accessed March 6, 2020.

12 

Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, Jiang YZ, Xiong Y, Li YJ, Li XW, et al: Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: A descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl). 133:1015–1024. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, Zhong W and Hao P: Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 63:457–460. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou H, Fan S, Zhang Q, Shi X, Wang Q, Zhang L and Wang X: Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 581:215–220. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H, Geng Q, Auerbach A and Li F: Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 581:221–224. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, et al: SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 181:271–280.e278. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu L, Niu S, Song C, Zhang Z, Lu G, Qiao C, Hu Y, Yuen KY, et al: Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2. Cell. 181:894–904.e9. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J and Li X: Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol. 92:433–440. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

South China Agricultural University: Press conference of scientific research on novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak. Guangzhou, 7 February, 2020.

20 

Tang XL, Wu CC, Li X, Song YH, Yao XM, Wu XK, Duan YG, Zhang H, Wng YR, Qian ZH, et al: On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev. 7:1012–1023. 2020.

21 

Khiali S, Khani E and Entezari-Maleki T: A comprehensive review on tocilizumab in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Pharmacol: June 18, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

22 

Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA and Ng LEP: The trinity of COVID-19: Immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 20:363–374. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Vardhana S and Wolchok J: The many faces of the anti-COVID immune response. J Exp Med. 217(e20200678)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Lew TW, Kwek TK, Tai D, Earnest A, Loo S, Singh K, Kwan KM, Chan Y, Yim CF, Bek SL, et al: Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically Ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA. 290:374–380. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Drosten C, Seilmaier M, Corman VM, Hartmann W, Scheible G, Sack S, Guggemos W, Kallies R, Muth D, Junglen S, et al: Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 13:745–751. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Moore B and June C: Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. Science. 368:473–474. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Zhou Y, Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhao C, Qi Y, Sun R, Tian Z, Xu X and Wei H: Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients. Natl Sci Rev. 7:998–1002. 2020.

28 

Lang F, Lee K, Teijaro J, Becher B and Hamilton J: GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: Reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches. Nat Rev Immunol. 20:507–514. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 395:497–506. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant B, Liu WC, Uhl S, Hoagland D, Møller R, Jordan T, Oishi K, Panis M, Sachs D, et al: Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell. 181:1036–1045.e9. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Park A and Iwasaki A: Type I and Type III interferons-induction, signaling, evasion, and application to combat COVID-19. Cell Host Microbe. 27:870–878. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, Liu L, Shan H, Lei C, Hui DSC, et al: Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 382:1708–1720. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Cao X: COVID-19: Immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 20:269–270. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Chen X, Ling J, Mo P, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Ma Z, Cao Q, Hu W, Zou S, Chen L, et al: Restoration of leukomonocyte counts is associated with viral clearance in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. medRxiv: urihttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030437simplehttps://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030437.

35 

Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L, et al: Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 8:420–422. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H and Xiao SY: Pulmonary pathology of early-phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 15:700–704. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Luo W, Yu H, Gou J, Li X, Sun Y, Li J and Liu L: Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): Pulmonary fibrosis and vascular changes including microthrombosis formation. Preprint: doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22934.29762.

38 

General Office of National Health Commission: Diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (trial version seventh) (In Chinese). urihttp://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989/files/ce3e6945832a438eaae415350a8ce964.pdfsimplehttp://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989/files/ce3e6945832a438eaae415350a8ce964.pdf.

39 

Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A, Zerbi P, Rech R, Colombo R, Antinori S, Corbellino M, et al: Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: A two-centre descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 20:1135–1140. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Deshmukh V, Motwani D, Kumar A, Kumari C and Raza K: Histopathological observations in COVID-19: A systematic review. J Clin Pathol: Aug 18, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

41 

Docherty A, Harrison E, Green C, Hardwick H, Pius R, Norman L, Holden K, Read J, Dondelinger F, Carson G, et al: Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: Prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 369(m1985)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Li L, Li R, Wu Z, Yang X, Zhao M, Liu J and Chen D: Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Ann Intensive Care. 10(45)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)-China, 2020. China CDC Weekly. 2:113–122. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

China National Medical Products Administration: Novel Coronavirus detection product is subject to emergency approval by the China National Medical Products Administration. urihttps://www.nmpa.gov.cn/zhuanti/yqyjzxd/yqyjxd/20200316153801928.htmlsimplehttps://www.nmpa.gov.cn/zhuanti/yqyjzxd/yqyjxd/20200316153801928.html. Accessed March 16, 2020.

45 

Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, Fan Y and Zheng C: Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 20:425–434. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Dong D, Tang Z, Wang S, Hui H, Gong L, Lu Y, Xue Z, Liao H, Chen F, Yang F, et al: The role of imaging in the detection and management of COVID-19: A review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng: Apr 27, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

47 

Dai W, Zhang H, Yu J, Xu H, Chen H, Luo S, Zhang H, Liang L, Wu X, Lei Y, et al: CT imaging and differential diagnosis of COVID-19. Can Assoc Radiol J. 71:195–200. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Wang N, Zhan Y, Zhu L, Hou Z, Liu F, Song P, Qiu F, Wang X, Zou X, Wan D, et al: Retrospective multicenter cohort study shows early interferon therapy is associated with favorable clinical responses in COVID-19 patients. Cell Host Microbe. 28:455–464.e2. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Balfour HH Jr: Antiviral drugs. N Engl J Med. 340:1255–1268. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Bergman SJ, Ferguson MC and Santanello C: Interferons as therapeutic agents for infectious diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 25:819–834. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Rüther U, Stilz S, Röhl E, Nunnensiek C, Rassweiler J, Dörr U and Jipp P: Successful interferone-alpha 2 a therapy for a patient with acute mumps orchitis. Eur Urol. 27:174–176. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Hayden FG, Kaiser DL and Albrecht JK: Intranasal recombinant alfa-2b interferon treatment of naturally occurring common colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 32:224–230. 1988.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Grennan D: Mumps. JAMA. 322(1022)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Loutfy MR, Blatt LM, Siminovitch KA, Ward S, Wolff B, Lho H, Pham DH, Deif H, LaMere EA, Chang M, et al: Interferon alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids in severe acute respiratory syndromea preliminary study. JAMA. 290:3222–3228. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Zhao Z, Zhang F, Xu M, Huang K, Zhong W, Cai W, Yin Z, Huang S, Deng Z, Wei M, et al: Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China. J Med Microbiol. 52:715–720. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Stockman LJ, Bellamy R and Garner P: SARS: Systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 3(e343)2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Peng F, Tu L, Yang Y, Hu P, Wang R, Hu Q, Cao F, Jiang T, Sun J, Xu G and Chang C: Management and treatment of COVID-19: The Chinese experience. Can J Cardiol. 36:915–930. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Chen F, Chan KH, Jiang Y, Kao RY, Lu HT, Fan KW, Cheng VC, Tsui WH, Hung IF, Lee TS, et al: In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds. J Clin Virol. 31:69–75. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, et al: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet. 395:507–513. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, Ruan L, Song B, Cai Y, Wei M, et al: A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 382:1787–1799. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Gordon CJ, Tchesnokov EP, Feng JY, Porter DP and Götte M: The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Biol Chem. 295:4773–4779. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

de Wit E, Feldmann F, Cronin J, Jordan R, Okumura A, Thomas T, Scott D, Cihlar T and Feldmann H: Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117:6771–6776. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Agostini M, Andres E, Sims A, Graham R, Sheahan T, Lu X, Smith E, Case J, Feng J, Jordan R, et al: Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease. mBio. 9:e00221–18. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

64 

Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Case JB, Leist SR, Pyrc K, Feng JY, Trantcheva I, et al: Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Sci Transl Med. 9(eaal3653)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, Spitters C, Ericson K, Wilkerson S, Tural A, et al: First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 382:929–936. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, Diaz G, Asperges E, Castagna A, Feldt T, Green G, Green ML, Lescure FX, et al: Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 382:2327–2336. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, Du R, Zhao J, Jin Y, Fu S, Gao L, Cheng Z, Lu Q, et al: Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 395:1569–1578. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Beigel JH, Tomashek KM and Dodd LE: Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19-preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 383(994)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Coomes EA and Haghbayan H: Favipiravir, an antiviral for COVID-19? J Antimicrob Chemother. 75:2013–2014. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Jacobs M, Aarons E, Bhagani S, Buchanan R, Cropley I, Hopkins S, Lester R, Martin D, Marshall N, Mepham S, et al: Post-exposure prophylaxis against Ebola virus disease with experimental antiviral agents: A case-series of health-care workers. Lancet Infect Dis. 15:1300–1304. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Bai CQ, Mu JS, Kargbo D, Song YB, Niu WK, Nie WM, Kanu A, Liu WW, Wang YP, Dafae F, et al: Clinical and virological characteristics of ebola virus disease patients treated with favipiravir (T-705)-Sierra Leone, 2014. Clin Infect Dis. 63:1288–1294. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

72 

Sissoko D, Laouenan C, Folkesson E, M'Lebing A-B, Beavogui A-H, Baize S, Camara A-M, Maes P, Shepherd S, Danel C, et al: Experimental treatment with favipiravir for ebola virus disease (the JIKI trial): A historically controlled, single-arm proof-of-concept trial in Guinea. PLoS Med. 13(e1001967)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

73 

Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D, Chen J, Shu D, Xia J, Liao X, Gu Y, Cai Q, Yang Y, et al: Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: An open-label control study. Engineering (Beijing): Mar 18, 2020. (Epub ahead of print).

74 

Rainsford KD, Parke AL, Clifford-Rashotte M and Kean WF: Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Inflammopharmacology. 23:231–269. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Maes P, Neyts J and Van Ranst M: In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 323:264–268. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

76 

Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W and Xiao G: Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 30:269–271. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, Liu X, Zhao L, Dong E, Song C, et al: In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis. 71:732–739. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang H, Hu H, Li Y, Hu Z, Zhong W and Wang M: Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Cell Discovery. 6(16)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Multicenter collaboration group of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province and Health Commission of Guangdong Province for chloroquine in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 43:185–188. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Chinese).

80 

Kupferschmidt K: Big studies dim hopes for hydroxychloroquine. Science. 368:1166–1167. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

81 

Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, Wang Z, Chen J, Sun W, Wu Y, Xiao W, Liu S, Chen E, et al: Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: Open label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 369(m1849)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Geleris J, Sun Y, Platt J, Zucker J, Baldwin M, Hripcsak G, Labella A, Manson DK, Kubin C, Barr RG, et al: Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 382:2411–2418. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Rosenberg ES, Dufort EM, Udo T, Wilberschied LA, Kumar J, Tesoriero J, Weinberg P, Kirkwood J, Muse A, DeHovitz J, et al: Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York state. JAMA. 323:2493–2502. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

84 

Boulware DR, Pullen MF, Bangdiwala AS, Pastick KA, Lofgren SM, Okafor EC, Skipper CP, Nascene AA, Nicol MR, Abassi M, et al: A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 383:517–525. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

85 

Fadel R, Morrison Austin R, Vahia A, Smith ZR, Chaudhry Z, Bhargava P, Miller J, Kenney RM, Alangaden G and Ramesh MS: Henry Ford COVID-19 Management Task Force: Early short course corticosteroids in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis: May 19, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

86 

Shang L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Du R and Cao B: On the use of corticosteroids for 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Lancet. 395:683–684. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

87 

Yazdanpanah F, Hamblin MR and Rezaei N: The immune system and COVID-19: Friend or foe? Life Sciences. 256(117900)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

88 

Kolilekas L, Loverdos K, Giannakaki S, Vlassi L, Levounets A, Zervas E and Gaga M: Can steroids reverse the severe COVID-19 induced ‘cytokine storm’? J Med Virol: Jun 12, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

89 

Taboada M, Caruezo V, Naveira A and Atanassoff PG: Corticosteroids and the hyper-inflammatory phase of the COVID-19 disease. J Clin Anesth. 66(109926)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Russell CD, Millar JE and Baillie JK: Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 395:473–475. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

91 

Li H, Chen C, Hu F, Wang J, Zhao Q, Gale RP and Liang Y: Impact of corticosteroid therapy on outcomes of persons with SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Leukemia. 34:1503–1511. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Zha L, Li S, Pan L, Tefsen B, Li Y, French N, Chen L, Yang G and Villanueva EV: Corticosteroid treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Med J Aust. 212:416–420. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

93 

Chen RC, Tang XP, Tan SY, Liang BL, Wan Z, Fang JQ and Zhong N: Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with glucosteroids. Chest. 129:1441–1452. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

94 

Li H, Yang S, Gu L, Zhang Y, Yan X, Liang Z, Zhang W, Jia H, Chen W, Liu M, et al: Effect of low-to-moderate-dose corticosteroids on mortality of hospitalized adolescents and adults with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viral pneumonia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 11:345–354. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

95 

Villar J, Ferrando C, Martínez D, Ambrós A, Muñoz T, Soler JA, Aguilar G, Alba F, González-Higueras E, Conesa LA, et al: Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: A multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 8:267–276. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

96 

Zhao JP, Hu Y, Du RH, Chen ZS, Jin Y, Zhou M, J Z, Qu JM and B C: Expert consensus on the use of corticosteroid in patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 43(E007)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Chinese).

97 

Gimeno J, Mestres-Truyol J, Ojeda-Montes MJ, Macip G, Saldivar-Espinoza B, Cereto-Massagué A, Pujadas G and Garcia-Vallvé S: Prediction of novel inhibitors of the main protease (M-pro) of SARS-CoV-2 through consensus Docking and drug reposition. Int J Mol Sci. 21(3793)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

98 

Burmester GR, Feist E, Sleeman MA, Wang B, White B and Magrini F: Mavrilimumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting GM-CSF receptor-α, in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I, first-in-human study. Ann Rheum Dis. 70:1542–1549. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

99 

De Luca G, Cavalli G, Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Angelillo P, Tomelleri A, Boffini N, Tentori S, Mette F, Farina N, et al: GM-CSF blockade with mavrilimumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation: A single-centre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2:e465–e473. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

100 

Vijayvargiya P, Esquer Garrigos Z, Castillo Almeida NE, Gurram PR, Stevens RW and Razonable RR: Treatment considerations for COVID-19: A critical review of the evidence (or Lack Thereof). Mayo Clin Proc. 95:1454–1466. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Temesgen Z, Assi M, Shweta FNU, Vergidis P, Rizza SA, Bauer PR, Pickering BW, Razonable RR, Libertin CR, Burger CD, et al: GM-CSF neutralization with lenzilumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: A case-control study. Mayo Clin Proc, 2020.

102 

Temesgen Z, Assi M, Vergidis P, Rizza SA, Bauer PR, Pickering BW, Razonable RR, Libertin CR, Burger CD, Orenstein R, et al: First clinical use of lenzilumab to neutralize GM-CSF in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. medRxiv 2020.2006.2008.20125369, 2020.

103 

Alijotas-Reig J, Esteve-Valverde E, Belizna C, Selva-O'Callaghan A, Pardos-Gea J, Quintana A, Mekinian A, Anunciacion-Llunell A and Miró-Mur F: Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of severe COVID-19. Beyond the anti-viral therapy: A comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev. 19(102569)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

104 

Garbers C, Heink S, Korn T and Rose-John S: Interleukin-6: Designing specific therapeutics for a complex cytokine. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 17:395–412. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

105 

Pfäfflin A and Schleicher E: Inflammation markers in point-of-care testing (POCT). Anal Bioanal Chem. 393:1473–1480. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

106 

Bloos F and Reinhart K: Rapid diagnosis of sepsis. Virulence. 5:154–160. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

107 

Ma L, Zhang H, Yin Y, Guo W, Ma Y, Wang Y, Shu C and Dong L: Role of interleukin-6 to differentiate sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Cytokine. 88:126–135. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

108 

Xu X, Han M, Li T, Sun W, Wang D, Fu B, Zhou Y, Zheng X, Yang Y, Li X, et al: Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117:10970–10975. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

109 

Taylor PC, Keystone EC, van der Heijde D, Weinblatt ME, del Carmen Morales L, Reyes Gonzaga J, Yakushin S, Ishii T, Emoto K, Beattie S, et al: Baricitinib versus Placebo or Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis. N Engl J Med. 376:652–662. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

110 

Bronte V, Ugel S, Tinazzi E, Vella A, De Sanctis F, Canè S, Batani V, Trovato R, Fiore A, Petrova V, et al: Baricitinib restrains the immune dysregulation in severe COVID-19 patients. J Clin Invest: 141772, 2020. Doi: 10.1172/JCI141772. (Online ahead of print).

111 

Stebbing J, Phelan A, Griffin I, Tucker C, Oechsle O, Smith D and Richardson P: COVID-19: Combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments. Lancet Infect Dis. 20:400–402. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

112 

Jorgensen SCJ, Ly Tse C, Burry L and Dresser LD: Baricitinib: A review of pharmacology, safety and emerging clinical experience in COVID-19. Pharmacotherapy. 40:843–856. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

113 

Richardson P, Griffin I, Tucker C, Smith D, Oechsle O, Phelan A, Rawling M, Savory E and Stebbing J: Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease. Lancet. 395:e30–e31. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

114 

Cantini F, Niccoli L, Matarrese D, Nicastri E, Stobbione P and Goletti D: Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact. J Infect. 81:318–356. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

115 

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial 2. urihttp://ClinicalTrials.govsimpleClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04401579. urihttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04401579?cond=ACTT-2&draw=2&rank=1simplehttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04401579?cond=ACTT-2&draw=2&rank=1. Last Updated August 13, 2020.

116 

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Adaptive COVID-19 treatment trial (ACTT). urihttp://ClinicalTrials.govsimpleClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04280705. urihttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04280705simplehttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04280705.

117 

Wu R, Wang L, Kuo HD, Shannar A, Peter R, Chou PJ, Li S, Hudlikar R, Liu X, Liu Z, et al: An update on current therapeutic drugs treating COVID-19. Curr Pharmacol. Rep:1–15. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

118 

Roback JD and Guarner J: Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: Possibilities and challenges. JAMA. 323:1561–1562. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

119 

Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, Wang F, Li D, Yang M, Xing L, et al: Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA. 323:1582–1589. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

120 

Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, Li J, Wang Z, Wu W, Wu M, et al: Improved clinical symptoms and mortality among patients with severe or critical COVID-19 after convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood. 136:755–759. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

121 

Hegerova L, Gooley TA, Sweerus KA, Maree C, Bailey N, Bailey M, Dunleavy V, Patel K, Alcorn K, Haley R, et al: Use of convalescent plasma in hospitalized patients with Covid-19: Case series. Blood. 136:759–762. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

122 

Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, Zhou M, Chen L, Meng S, Hu Y, et al: Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117:9490–9496. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

123 

Li L, Zhang W, Hu Y, Tong X, Zheng S, Yang J, Kong Y, Ren L, Wei Q, Mei H, et al: Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on time to clinical improvement in patients with severe and life-threatening COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 324:460–470. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

124 

Sharpe HR, Gilbride C, Allen E, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bissett C, Ewer K and Lambe T: The early landscape of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world. Immunology. 160:223–232. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

125 

Callaway E: The race for coronavirus vaccines: A graphical guide. Nature. 580:576–577. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

126 

Gao Q, Bao L, Mao H, Wang L, Xu K, Yang M, Li Y, Zhu L, Wang N, Lv Z, et al: Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Science. 369:77–81. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

127 

Wang H, Zhang Y, Huang B, Deng W, Quan Y, Wang W, Xu W, Zhao Y, Li N, Zhang J, et al: Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with potent protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 182:713–721.e9. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

128 

Zhu FC, Li YH, Guan XH, Hou LH, Wang WJ, Li JX, Wu SP, Wang BS, Wang Z, Wang L, et al: Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: A dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial. Lancet. 395:1845–1854. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen H, Wu S and Zhang X: COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review). Exp Ther Med 20: 223, 2020.
APA
Chen, H., Wu, S., & Zhang, X. (2020). COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 223. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9353
MLA
Chen, H., Wu, S., Zhang, X."COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.6 (2020): 223.
Chicago
Chen, H., Wu, S., Zhang, X."COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20, no. 6 (2020): 223. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9353
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen H, Wu S and Zhang X: COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review). Exp Ther Med 20: 223, 2020.
APA
Chen, H., Wu, S., & Zhang, X. (2020). COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 223. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9353
MLA
Chen, H., Wu, S., Zhang, X."COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.6 (2020): 223.
Chicago
Chen, H., Wu, S., Zhang, X."COVID‑19 in China: From epidemiology to treatment (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20, no. 6 (2020): 223. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9353
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team