Comprehensive evaluation of differential long non‑coding RNA and gene expression in patients with cartilaginous endplate degeneration of cervical vertebra
- Authors:
- Published online on: October 27, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9390
- Article Number: 260
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Copyright: © Yuan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Lower back pain and neck pain are two common symptoms caused by intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) (1). The global lower back and neck pain disability rates increased by 59.5% from 1990 to 2015, and will likely increase further with an aging population (2). Currently, therapies for cervical IDD (CIDD) are intended to relieve a multitude of symptoms, offering only temporary benefits rather than a permanent recovery (3). This is mainly a result of poor understanding of the exact etiology and pathogenesis. Xia et al (4) previously reported that transplantation of gelatin microspheres loaded with nucleus pulposus-like cells (NP-1Cs) and growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) into the intervertebral discs of the acupuncture rat tail vertebrae partially regenerated damaged intervertebral discs in a rat model. However, cartilage endplate (CE) degeneration (CED) is an obstacle for effective stem cell therapy (5). Therefore, it is necessary to determine the mechanisms underlying CIDD and CED to develop novel effective treatment methods for these diseases.
The outer layer of intervertebral discs is annulus fibrosus tissue, which surrounds the nucleus pulposus tissue and connects the superior and inferior vertebral bodies with CE. The supply of nutrition to intervertebral discs depends on the pores of the superior and inferior CE of the vertebral body (6,7). Previous studies have reported that CE serves a significant role in maintaining the basic function of the intervertebral disc (8). Therefore, CED is the primary factor leading to IDD, and maintaining the physiological function of CE is essential to prevent and treat IDD. Previous studies have identified factors associated with cartilage (9). For example, one study reported that cartilage degeneration is associated with the downregulation of Cbp/p300 interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp rich carboxy-terminal domain 2 (CITED2) expression (9).
A recent study revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a subset of non-coding transcripts with a length of >200 nucleotides that have a low protein-coding potential, are involved in a series of biological processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism (10). Some lncRNAs can serve as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) of microRNA (miRNA/miR) to modulate the downregulation of miRNA targets (11). The functions of lncRNAs in cancer and several other diseases have been investigated (12-15). For instance, Chen et al (12) reported that LINC00173.v1 upregulated the expression of VEGFA via sponging miR-511-5p to promote the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. Wang et al (13) also revealed that CARL lncRNA inhibited mitochondrial fission and apoptosis by upregulating prohibitin 2 expression via decreasing the expression of miR-539. However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression profiles and potential functions of lncRNAs in CED of cervical vertebra remain unknown.
In the present study, lncRNA and mRNA microarrays were used to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between degenerate and healthy CE. Furthermore, a ceRNA regulatory network was constructed based on DELs and DEGs. The expression levels of selected DELs and DEGs were further assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The present study aimed to identify novel lncRNAs and genes that are relevant to CED, which may further guide investigations and contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CIDD.
Materials and methods
Tissue samples
A total of 38 CE specimens from 19 patients with CIDD and 19 healthy subjects from February 2017 to February 2020 were enrolled in the study. The CIDD and healthy samples were collected from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (Nanchang, China). Details of the samples are presented in Table SI. Degenerated cervical vertebral CE specimens were collected from patients with CIDD that suffered from cervical spondylosis myelopathy, who had received anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). CE specimens of healthy subjects were obtained from patients with a cervical fracture who received ACDF. None of the enrolled subjects had undergone radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and none had a history of surgery. Sample weight was evaluated before the study was conducted. Of the lesions collected, six legions weighing >50 mg were used for microarray detection. The remaining 32 lesions, which weighed <50 mg, were used for RT-qPCR and western blot analyses. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All tissue samples were preserved in liquid nitrogen until RNA and protein extraction.
lncRNA and mRNA microarray analysis
Total RNAs from three degenerative CE and three healthy CE (HCE) tissues were extracted and purified using the RNeasy micro kit (Qiagen GmBH) and the RNase-Free DNase set (Qiagen GmBH). The RNA integrity coefficient number, as a measure of RNA integrity, was measured using an Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). The purity and quantity of initial total RNA chip samples were determined using a NanoDrop ND-2000 spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and an Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 to exclude genomic DNA contamination. RNA integrity was also determined on an ethidium bromide-stained 2% agarose gel. Qualified RNAs, of which the absorbance ratio at 260 and 280 nm is 2.0 was used for the following chip experiments.
RNA amplification and labeling
Total RNA was amplified and labeled using the Low Input Quick Amp Labeling kit, One-Color (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cy3-labeled cRNA was purified using the RNeasy mini kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen GmBH).
Microarray hybridization
The SBC Human (4x180 K) ceRNA array (Shanghai Shibei Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) was used to detect lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles. Each slide was hybridized with 1.65 µg Cy3-labeled cRNA using a Gene Expression Hybridization kit (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) in a Hybridization Oven (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) at 65˚C, according to the manufacturer's protocols. After 17 h of hybridization, the slides were washed in staining dishes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) using a Gene Expression Wash Buffer kit (Agilent Technologies, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. All raw data have been uploaded to Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE153761).
Data acquisition
Slides were scanned using an Agilent Microarray scanner (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) with the default settings: Dye channel=Green, Scan resolution=3 µm, photomultiplier tube 100% and 20 bit. Data were extracted using Feature Extraction 12.0 software (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). Raw data were normalized using the Quantile algorithm and 3.11 version of limma packages (https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/limma.html) in R 3.6.0 software (https://www.R-project.org/). Statistically significant DELs and DEGs between the two groups were defined as fold-change ≥2 and P<0.05. Furthermore, heat maps were constructed to present expression profiles of DELs and DEGs using hierarchical clustering, which was performed using the 1.0.12 version of pheatmap package (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pheatmap/index.html) in R. In addition to these, the repeatability and accuracy of ceRNA array in the current study was also assessed using the Coefficient of Variation (CV). The value of CV was calculated according to the 10 repeated probe signals. If the CV is <15%, the outcomes of ceRNA array can be considered to be of excellent stability. Statistical analyses were performed using R. A two-tailed P<0.05 was considered indicate a statistically significant difference for all tests.
Function and pathway analysis of DEGs
Gene Ontology (GO; www.geneontology.org) is a widely used ontology resource in the bioinformatics field. The present study analyzed the association of DEGs in the Biological Processes (BP), Molecular Function (MF) and Cellular Component (CC) sets in the GO database. The P-value denotes the significance of the enriched GO terms among DEGs.
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG; https://www.genome.jp/kegg/) pathway analysis is a systematic analysis tool and database of gene function and genome information, which helps researchers to study and express information in the context of entire gene networks (16). KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs can identify differentially enriched pathways, which is useful for identifying biological regulation pathways that are significantly altered under experimental conditions (16). The enrichment analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test in the PANTHER classification system (http://www.pantherdb.org) and the 3.11 version of Cluster Profiler package from R/Bioconductor (https://www.bioconductor.org/) (17,18). The standard of selection was the number of genes attaining a P<0.05 threshold.
Construction of ceRNA regulatory network
To determine the interaction between lncRNAs and mRNAs, data regarding lncRNAs and mRNAs were combined with miRNA data to construct a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network. Using the miRanda tool (version 3.3a; http://www.microrna.org/), the present study predicted the lncRNA-miRNA regulatory combinations. miRNAs that had regulatory associations with mRNAs in the ceRNA network were queried in three databases, miRDB (version 6.0; http://www.mirdb.org), TargetScan (version 7.2; http://www.ta-rgetscan.org/vert_72/) and miRTarBase (version 8.0; http://mirtarbase.mbc.nctu.edu.t-w), which included experimentally validated miRNA-target interactions (19-21). The overlapping genes between targets of the identified miRNAs and the total of DEGs were retained for the ceRNA network construction, with associated DELs and miRNAs. Based on the identified miRNAs and miRNA targets in DELs and DEGs, a ceRNA regulatory network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape software version 3.7.2(22).
Functional analysis of genes in the ceRNA regulatory network
In the ceRNA regulatory network, a GO enrichment analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test in the PANTHER classification system to assess the potential functions of DEGs in the categories of BP, MF and CC. Over-represented enriched KEGG pathways were searched for using the 3.11 version of ClusterProfiler package of R/Bioconductor to identify pathways that were strongly associated with DEGs in the ceRNA network. P<0.05 was set as the threshold for significance.
RT-qPCR
Total RNA was extracted from 32 samples (16 patients and 16 healthy control) of CE using TRIzol® reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Expression levels of one DEG [integrin subunit β8 (ITGB8)], miR-20a-5p and five DELs (ENST00000548900, lnc-MYBPC1-1:1, lnc-ARL13A-1:1, lnc-C2orf67-1:1 and lnc-DNAJB6-3:1) were detected using a PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit (Perfect Real-Time) and SYBR® Fast qPCR Mix (both from Takara Bio, Inc.). The temperature protocol for reverse transcription was: 16˚C for 30 min, 42˚C for 30 min and 85˚C for 5 min. cDNA was subjected to initial denaturation at 94˚C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles at 94˚C for 10 sec and 60˚C for 40 sec, followed by extension at 72˚C for 10 min, using the specific primers. All experiments were repeated three times. β-actin was used as an internal reference for these lncRNAs and ITGB8 whereas U6 was used as an internal reference for miR-20a-5p. In the present study, 2-ΔΔCq method was used for relative quantification (23). Primer sequences are presented in Table SII.
Western blotting
Western blot analyses were performed on the proteins extracted from 22 samples (11 patients and 11 healthy control) of CE tissue samples by using the RIPA lysis buffer (cat. no. P0013B; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Protein concentrations were measured using a BCA protein assay reagent (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Each lane was loaded with 15 µg protein. Samples were then separated via 10% SDS-PAGE and separated proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes. After blocking in 5% non-fat dry milk in TBS-T (0.1% Tween 20) for 2 h at 37˚C, the membranes were incubated with anti-ITGB8 (4˚C; 8 h; 1:500; cat. no. ab80673) and anti-GAPDH (4˚C; 8 h; 1:5,000; cat. no. ab9485) primary antibodies (both from Abcam), and then with the secondary goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (37˚C; 2 h; 1:5,000; cat. no. ab205718; Abcam), detection was performed using chemiluminescence (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). ImageJ software (1.52v; National Institutes of Health) was used to quantify protein band intensity.
Statistical analysis
Correlation was assessed by using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Except for the Microarray, each experiment was repeated ≥ three times. Relative expression levels of ITGB8, miR-20a-5p and the five DELs were calculated using the 1.1.2 version of pcr package (https://www. rdocumentation.org/packages/pcr/versions/1.1.2). Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired Student's t-test between two groups. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 20.0; IBM, Corp.) and GraphPad Prism (version 8.0; GraphPad Software, Inc.) software.
Results
Identifying DELs and DEGs via microarray
In order to investigate the expression pattern of lncRNAs in degenerative CE and HCE tissues, the present study used ceRNA microarray to identify DELs and DEGs. A box plot was used to demonstrate the distribution of the hybridization data and the degree of dispersion. After log2 normalization, no abnormal distributions of data were observed in the six healthy and CED samples (Fig. 1A). Analysis of correlations between expression and CE disease status showed that the expression level of genes was highly similar among Dg (>0.98) and less so for Hg (0.93-0.96; Fig. 1B). The variation between CED and HCE was demonstrated in a scatter plot of the lncRNA expression profile (Fig. 1C). A volcano plot identified the DELs at different P-values and fold-changes between the two groups (Fig. 1D). CED samples were compared with healthy samples, where a total of 369 DELs, including 316 upregulated and 53 downregulated lncRNAs (Fig. 1C), and a total of 246 DEGs, including 171 upregulated and 75 downregulated mRNAs (Fig. 1D), were identified from the microarray results.
Hierarchical clustering identified that lncRNA and gene expression levels were distinguishable between CED and healthy samples, as presented by the associated heat map (Fig. 2). The top 20 fold-change upregulated or downregulated DELs are presented in Fig. 3A and Table I. The top 20 fold-change upregulated and downregulated DEGs are presented in Fig. 3B and Table II.
 | Table ITop 20 upregulated and downregulated lncRNAs in degenerative CE vs. healthy CE were sorted according to FC. |
| Table IITop 20 upregulated and downregulated genes in degenerative CE vs. healthy CE were sorted according to FC. |
GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on basis of total DEGs
In order to identify the potential etiological factors and key genes associated with the pathogenesis of CIDD, BP, MF and CC analyses in GO and KEGG enrichment pathways were performed for DEGs. The top 20 results are presented in Fig. 4 and Tables SIII-VI. BP, MF, CC and KEGG terms that were significantly associated with DEGs included ‘integrin binding (GO: 0005178)’ in Fig. 4B, ‘ossification (GO: 0001503)’ in Fig. 4A, ‘extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction (hsa04512)’ in the Fig. 4D and ‘skeletal system development (GO: 0001501)’ in the Fig. 4A.
Construction of a ceRNA network
To evaluate the potential functions of DELs in CIDD, the same putative miRNA response element (MREs) in DELs and DEGs were identified. Using the miRanda tool, the present study determined the regulatory associations between miRNAs and lncRNAs. Data from the miRDB, TargetScan and miRTarBase databases were integrated to determine the regulatory associations between miRNAs and mRNAs (Table III). A ceRNA regulatory network was then constructed by combining the identified miRNA-mRNA and lncRNA-miRNA associations (Fig. S1). The ceRNA network was composed of 451 nodes [168 miRNAs, 226 DELs (including 189 upregulated and 37 downregulated DELs) and 57 DEGs (including 47 upregulated and 10 downregulated DEGs)] and 1,087 lines (including 852 lncRNA-miRNA connections and 235 mRNA-miRNA connections).
| Table IIIRelationship between mRNAs and miRNA predicted by all three databases (miRTarBase, TargetScan and miRDB) in competitive endogenous RNA network. |
GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on basis of DEGs in the ceRNA network
To determine the potential functions of identified DEGs and DELs in the ceRNA network, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and the results are presented in Fig. 5 and Tables SVII-X, which included ‘Ossification’, ‘Blood vessel development’, ‘Integrin binding’ and ‘SMAD binding’. The overlapping items in both of the functional analysis results of the ceRNA network and functional analysis results of all DEGs were considered to represent significant enrichments from BP and MF analyses in GO and KEGG. The results are presented in Fig. 6 and Table IV, which included ‘Ossification’, ‘Integrin binding’, ‘Skeletal system development’ and ECM.
| Table IVMajority of significant enrichments and genes of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichments. |
Validation of lncRNAs, miRNA and gene expression in tissue samples using RT-qPCR and western blot analyses
To assess the results from the ceRNA microarray, the present study selected one DEG, ITGB8(24), miR-20a-5p (25) and its related five DELs (ENST00000548900, lnc-MYBPC1-1:1, lnc-ARL13A-1:1, lnc-C2orf67-1:1 and lnc-DNAJB6-3:1), based on a literature review of the miRNAs and genes identified in the functional analysis in the ceRNA network by searching ‘geneID’ and ‘cartilage’ on PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the selected five DELs were associated with miR-20a-5p in the ceRNA network. The expression patterns of seven RNAs from the RT-qPCR results demonstrated that ITGB8 (0.45-fold change) and lnc-DNAJB6-3:1 (0.34-fold change) expression levels were significantly downregulated in CED samples compared with HCE samples. The expression levels of miR-20a-5p (2.10-fold change) was upregulated in CED samples compared with those in HCE samples (Fig. 7A). The RT-qPCR results of ITGB8 and lnc-DNAJB6-3:1 expression levels are consistent with the microarray data (Fig. 7B). Moreover, the western blotting results shown that ITGB8 is downregulated in CED samples compared with that in HCE samples (Fig. 7C and D).
Discussion
CED is the main cause of IDD (26). Although the etiology of CED remains unknown, it is a complex, multifactorial disorder that is influenced by cartilage degeneration due to angiogenesis, inflammation, ECM degeneration, oxidative stress, cell hyperproliferation, chondrocyte apoptosis and autophagy (27,28). The study into the pathogenesis of CED is ongoing.
lncRNAs have been reported to serve essential roles in angiogenesis, inflammation and ECM degeneration (29). However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression profile of lncRNAs and their potential biological functions in CED have not yet been reported. The present study utilized a lncRNA and mRNA microarray to provide comprehensive lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in CED and HCE, with the aim of investigating the potential involvement of dysregulated lncRNAs in the development of CED. The present study identified a large number of DELs and DEGs from diverse genomic locations, with 246 DEGs (171 upregulated and 75 downregulated) and 369 lncRNAs (316 upregulated and 53 downregulated) found to be differentially expressed between cervical vertebra CED samples and healthy controls. A ceRNA network was established, which included 168 miRNAs, 226 DELs (including 189 upregulated and 37 downregulated DELs) and 57 DEGs (including 47 upregulated and 10 downregulated DEGs). To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report the comprehensive lncRNA expression profile in CED. Therefore, the results of the present study provide a novel theoretical basis for further investigations into the function of lncRNA in CED.
lncRNAs are rich in miRNA binding sites and can act as ceRNAs in cells, which leads to relief of the inhibitory effect of miRNAs on their target genes and, ultimately, increased expression of the target genes (30). To determine the potential function of lncRNAs as miRNAs sponges in cervical CED, GO BP, GO MF, GO CC and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed on total DEGs and ceRNA network DEGs in the present study. The common significant enrichments between DEGs in the ceRNA network and all DEGs from GO BP, GO MF, GO CC and KEGG pathway analysis were associated with cartilage development, degeneration and regeneration.
Integrins are well-known as cell adhesion molecules and act via ECM-receptor interaction (31). Moreover, integrins are suggested to control intracellular signaling pathways both physically and chemically as mechanoreceptors (32). Previous studies have reported that if the fibrillar network of the ECM is dysfunctional or assembled from fibers that cannot bind and activate α5β1 integrins, chondrocytes increase the MMP expression, which inhibits cartilage regeneration (33). The increased expression of α2β1 and activation of integrin signaling may also induce a pathological increase in MMP expression following exposure to static compression (33,34).
The significant items in the results of enrichment analyses in the present study included ‘integrin binding’, ‘ossification’, ‘ECM’ and ‘skeletal system development’ Li et al (35) previously reported that the loss of OPG leads to the occurrence of IDD by promoting the ‘ossification’ biological process of the cartilage endplate in the osteoprotegerin (OPG)-knockout mice. Qu et al (36) reported that DEGs were primarily involved in ‘skeletal system development’ in a co-expression network in IDD and serve an important role the pathobiology of the disease.
Signaling pathways and the term ‘signal receptor binding’ are similar. Xue et al (37) previously reported that the decreased expression of NF-κB interacting lncRNA, a miR-145 sponge, inhibited SP1 expression and regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of chondrocytes. Furthermore, Gu et al (38) revealed that the majority of hub genes associated with osteoarthritic cartilage screened from GSE51588 were primarily enriched in ‘protein digestion and absorption’.
The present study identified a group of DEGs that serve important roles in cartilage development and degeneration from a literature review (Table V). Genes whose microarray results were consistent with those reported in the literature include ITGB8, lactotransferrin (LTF), msh homeobox 2 (MSX2), latent transforming growth factor β binding protein 2 (LTBP2), neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1) and CITED2. Genes whose microarray results are inconsistent with those reported in the literature include insulin like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5), collagen type III α 1 chain (COL3A1), COL5A1, COL5A2, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), ITGBL1, versican (VCAN), RAB23, frizzled class receptor 7 (FZD7) and ITGA11. LaPointe et al (24) reported that the downregulation of ITGB8 increased the expression of ITGA11 and caused ablation of COL2A1 expression, as detected in the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Xue et al (39) observed that LTF can inhibit IL-1β-induced apoptosis via AKT1-induced cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 phosphorylation in human articular chondrocytes. Furthermore, Nishimura et al (40) suggested that MSX2, a homeobox Runx2 family member, may promote endochondral ossification via upregulation of Osterix (Sp7) expression. He et al (9) also reported that the transcriptional regulator CITED2 promoted chondroprotection by inhibiting the expression of MMP13, and that the decreased expression of CITED2 induced cartilage degradation via increased expression of MMP13. Moreover, Sideek et al (41) reported that exogenous LTBP2 inhibits elastinogenesis in ear cartilage chondrocytes in culture, while Goessler et al (42) reported that LTBP2 was activated during chondrogenic dedifferentiation to decrease the repairability of cartilage defects in vitro. In addition, Wei et al (43) used microarray technology to demonstrate that the attenuation of cartilage anabolism by increased expression of NBL1, a secreted BMP antagonist, is a molecular mechanism underlying cartilage degeneration.
Genes from the present study that were not consistent with those in the literature may decrease CED. For instance, Weimer et al (44) revealed that IGFBP5, a potentiator of IGF-I, could increase the expression of IGF-1 to maintain the proliferation and survival of chondrocytes. Type III collagen, encoded by COL3A1, together with type I collagen, provides a structural framework for the synovium surrounding the synovial joint to protect articular cartilage (45). Type V collagen, encoded by COL5A1 and COL5A2, is present in tissues containing type I collagen and appears to regulate the assembly of shaped fibers composed of type I and type V collagen, with the type V collagen being associated with articular cartilage maturity (46,47). Exogenous FGF9 attenuates cartilage degradation in mice (48), and its increased expression may represent a protective mechanism that remains intact during cartilage degeneration. Song et al (49) reported that overexpression of ITGBL1 inhibits integrin signaling in developing chondrocytes to promote cartilage formation. Moreover, Choocheep et al (50) observed that VCAN is required for chondrocyte differentiation during cartilage formation. Yang et al (51) also demonstrated that too much or too little RAB23 protein induced the expression of SOX9 and caused the failure of chondrogenic differentiation. In addition, this differential expression profile of RAB23 may not have been specific to chondrocyte differentiation in their study by using gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments (51). Randall et al (52) reported that activation of FZD7, a component of the Wnt planar cell polarity pathway, was able to promote growth plate chondrocyte column formation.
Of the genes identified in the present study that were consistent with those in the literature, only four miRNAs with MREs within ITGB8 were associated with cartilage degeneration and calcification, including miR-20a-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-93-5p and miR-17-5p. Guo et al (25) reported that miR-20a-5p in exosomes from breast cancer cells promoted the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts. Furthermore, Chen et al (53) revealed that decreased miR-145-5p expression promoted the proliferation of osteoclasts to aggravate cartilage erosion by targeting OPG. Xiao et al (54) also found that increased osteoclasts in the CE of ovariectomized mice resulted in cartilage remodeling to stimulate IDD. It has been demonstrated that increased HOX transcript antisense RNA expression, decreased the expression of miR-17-5p to promote cartilage injury by mediating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via fucosyltransferase 2(55). Moreover, Xue et al (56) suggested that increased expression of miR-93-5p promoted chondrocyte viability and suppressed chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro.
Previous studies have reported that the ceRNA mechanism can be used for the analysis of multiple diseases (36,57). Qu et al (36) constructed a miRNA-lncRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network on the basis of DEGs and lncRNAs in patients with IDD. In addition, Wang et al (57) identified a novel ceRNA network that provides a novel insight for investigating the underlying molecular mechanism of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In the present study, ITGB8 was inhibited by increased expression of MREs resulting from decreased expression of lncRNAs in the ceRNA network. After screening, the expression levels of IGTB8, miR-20a-5p and its five regulated lncRNAs within ceRNA network were validated in 16 CIDD and 16 healthy subjects using RT-qPCR. It was suggested that downregulated lnc-DNAJB6-3:1 may have decreased the expression of ITGB8 to promote cartilage degeneration via upregulation of miR-20a-5p expression. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report that lnc-DNAJB6-3:1 is downregulated in CED, as well as demonstrating that lnc-DNAJB6-3:1 regulated miR-20a-5p/ITGB8 axis in the CED.
In the present research, the box plots (Fig. 1A) were used to visualize the distributions of lncRNAs for two groups. Although the normalized data were skewed, the distributions of the log2 ratios among the six samples presented an excellent similarity after normalization, which indicated that the data could be further analyzed. The phenomenon that the normalized data were skewed (long tail above mean/median) was also demonstrated in previously published studies (58-60). It was suggested that the sampling error and selective bias are responsible for this phenomenon, and enlarging the sample sizes is an effective strategy to decrease the sampling error and selective bias. In the present study, gene expression was highly similar among Dg (>0.98) and less so for Hg (0.93-0.96), which can also be due to sampling error and selective bias.
Technical replicates were performed in order to further determine the reliability of detection platform for identifying DEGs using microarray. The SBC Human ceRNA array (Agilent-078298 human ceRNA array V1.0 4X180K) has demonstrated excellent repeatability in previously published papers (61-63). Moreover, the Shanghai Shibei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. has obtained official certification of Microarray repeatability and accuracy from Agilent Technologies, Inc. (R2>0.95, MAQC Plan) (61-63). The CV of the all samples in present study were <15% [Dg1, 4.23209%; Dg2, 4.88349%; Dg3, 5.57233%; Hg1, 4.19178%; Hg2, 3.85391%; Hg3, 5.49377%). Therefore, technical replicates were not conducted in the current study.
Previous studies (61-63) have improved the reliability of microarray results using biological repetition. Biological repetition for six different individuals (three samples from healthy control and three samples from patients with CIDD) was performed in the present study. Subsequently, the authors further verified the outcomes of ceRNA array using RT-qPCR in 32 samples (16 patients and 16 control individuals), and demonstrated that the ceRNA array and RT-qPCR results had an excellent reliability.
Therefore, a total of 32 samples (16 patients and 16 normal control) were used in the current study to further assess the expression levels of lnc-DNAJB6-3:1, ITGB8 and miR-20a-5p using RT-qPCR or western blot analysis. Previous reports have aimed at identifying the association between disease and potential lncRNA based on the semi-supervised learning framework and database (64-66). In future research, with the accumulation of cases and the collection of follow-up information, it will be possible to construct a clinical prognosis model of lnc-DNAJB6-3:1 in CED.
In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to use a microarray to investigate the lncRNA expression profile in CED. lnc-DNAJB6-3:1 was significantly downregulated in CED, indicating that lnc-DNAJB6-3:1 may be a candidate biomarker for CED. Collectively, the present results provide a new perspective toward an improved understanding of ceRNA-mediated gene regulation in CED and suggest a novel theoretical basis for further studies on the function of lncRNA in CED-associated IDD.
Supplementary Material
Figure S1. Construction of ceRNA network. Triangular green nodes denote miRNAs. Diamond-shaped red nodes indicate lncRNAs and oval blue nodes indicate mRNAs. ceRNA, competing endogenous RNA; miRNA/miR, microRNA; lnc, long non.coding RNA.
Table SI. Details of the Dg and Hg.
Table SII. Specific primer sequences for reverse transcription-quantiative PCR.
Table SIII. Top 20 of GO biological process enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes (P<0.05).
Table SIV. Top 20 of GO molecular function enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes (P<0.05).
Table SV. Top 20 of GO cellular component enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes (P<0.05).
Table SVI. Top 20 of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes (P<0.05).
Table SVII. Top 20 of GO biological process enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes in competing endogenous RNA network (P<0.05).
Table SVIII. Top 20 of GO molecular function enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes in competing endogenous RNA network (P<0.05).
Table SIX. Top 20 of GO cellular component enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes in competing endogenous RNA network (P<0.05).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr Wenzhou Huang and Dr Xinxin Miao (Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China) for providing technical help, including assistance with the follow-up and advice regarding manuscript preparation.
Funding
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 8166090137 and 8186090165).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
JY conceived the study and XC designed the study. JY, RD, JZ and CP performed the experiments. JJ, TW, SH and XL collected the clinical samples and analyzed the data. JY wrote the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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