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Introduction

Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ that regulates energy metabolism and nutrition homeostasis (1). There are at least two distinct types of adipose tissue in mammals: White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) (2). The main function of WAT is to store energy in the form of triglycerides, and WAT plays an important role in regulating systemic metabolism and insulin sensitivity (3). In contrast, BAT burns energy through non-shivering thermogenesis and visually appears brown because it contains a high number of mitochondria (4). In particular, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) is expressed specifically in BAT and controlled by the concerted action of neural and hormonal signals to activate the program responsible for fuel oxidation and thermogenesis (5). It is worth mentioning that high-resolution imaging technology suggested that BAT not only exists in rodents but also assumes certain biological functions in adult bodies (6,7). This new discovery provides scientists with insight into the role of BAT in regulating energy consumption, restoring glucose homeostasis and decreasing obesity. Therefore, the molecular regulatory mechanism of the differentiation of brown adipocytes has been a research hotspot.

As a member of secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs), SFRP4 has a cysteine-rich region at the C-terminal and a netrin-like domain motif at the N-terminal, which is highly conserved and binds to frizzled or Wnt membrane proteins (8). As a secreted cytokine, SFRP4 plays an important role in obesity (9), insulin resistance (10) and type 2 diabetes (11). In addition, bioinformatics data analysis showed that the expression level of SFRP4 in fat tissue of obese pigs was significantly higher compared with that of lean pigs (12). Thirdly, previously published research findings demonstrated that the expression pattern and function of SFRP4 has adipose tissue depot specificity in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in mice (13). However, little is known about the role and function of SFRP4 in the formation and thermogenesis of BAT which plays an important role in lipid metabolism, obesity and energy consumption (4).

Considering the involvement of SFRP4 in obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, the present study aimed to determine the role of SFRP4 in brown adipocyte differentiation. Hence, the effects of SFRP4 on cell morphology, lipid droplet accumulation, and adipogenesis-specific protein expression in brown adipocytes were examined. The present study demonstrated that SFRP4 expression is associated with inflammatory markers, and its release from islets is stimulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β).

Material and methods

Brown preadipocyte isolation and culture

Brown preadipocytes were obtained from the interscapular BAT of mice (age, 3 weeks old; C57BL/6J mice) and isolated by digestion with collagenase dispersion as described previously (14). In the present study, the cell pool from different animals (20 mice each time) were used and the experiment was repeated three times. In detail, mice were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology (Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd.) and monitored the health of animals every day before execution. All animals housed in an air-conditioned room under a 12-h light and 12-h dark cycle. Food and water were allowed ad libitum. Five mice in a cage were euthanized by injecting carbon dioxide into the cage at a gas exchange rate of 28% container volume/min. C57BL/6 mice aged 3 weeks lost consciousness within 4-5 min, and died within 8-10 min, which was consistent with the requirements of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines (15). The characteristics of death included no spontaneous breathing for 2-3 min and absence of blink reflex. The cell culture experiment was continued for six months. BAT was collected from the scapular region of mice under sterile conditions and washed in phosphate-buffered saline three times.

BAT was collected from the scapular region of mice under sterile conditions and washed in phosphate-buffered saline three times. The tissue mass was cut with scissors into ~1-mm3 sections and digested with 1 mg/ml type I collagenase at 37˚C for 40 min in a shaking water bath. Then, the digestion of the cell suspension was stopped by Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). Isolated cells (1x106/ml) were seeded in 6-well plates with DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Pen/Strep (day 4). The cell proliferation state is very important for murine adipocyte differentiation. The cells were seeded in the dish at day-4, and the cell density was ~70%. At day-2, the percentage of cell confluence was 80-90%, and the cells reached contact inhibition at day 0.

For BAT differentiation in vitro, the cells were treated with differentiation medium containing 1.7 µM insulin and 1 nM triiodothyronine (T3) from day-2 to 0 and induced with induction medium supplemented with 1.7 µM insulin, 1 nM T3, 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine and 1 µM dexamethasone from day 0 to 2. Differentiating cells were kept in differentiation medium from day 2 to 8(16). The differentiation pattern of brown adipocytes is shown in Fig. 1. The animal experiments were strictly following the guidelines of animal experiment in Xi'an Medical University, which was adapted from the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH) (15). The Laboratory Animal Administration Committee of Xi'an Medical University approved all animal experiments (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; approval no. XYJZS-201806025-8).

Figure 1 Brown preadipocytes were cultured to confluence (day 0) in maintenance medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum, 1 nM (T3) and 1.7 µM insulin and then induced in differentiation medium (DMEM/F12 with 10% FBS) supplemented with 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine, 1 µM dexamethasone, 1.7 µM insulin and 1 nM T3 for 2 days and then induced to differentiate for another 6 days in growth medium. T3, 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine. IBMX, isobutylmethylxanthine; Dex, dexamethasone; Rois, Rosiglitazone.

Oil Red O staining

Dishes were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature. Then, the cells were stained with Oil Red O working solution at room temperature for 30 min, washed twice with distilled water, observed and photographed under an inverted optical microscope (magnification, x200; Nikon Eclipse TE300; Nikon Corporation). The Oil Red O area was quantified by the image analysis system (WinRoof Mitani Co.).

Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR analysis

Total RNA from adipocytes was extracted using TRIzol plus (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and cDNA was synthesized with PrimeScript™ RT Master mix using the following temperature protocol: 37˚C for 15 min, 85˚C for 5 sec and 4˚C for 20 min (Takara Biology Inc.). qPCR analysis was performed using the StepOne Plus Real-time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The number of transcripts was quantified, and each sample was normalized according to its b-actin content. Relative expression of the gene of interest (GOI) was determined using calculation=2(Cq β-actin gene-Cq GOI) (13). PCR primer sequences are shown in Table SI.

Western blotting

Brown adipocytes were lysed in cell lysis buffer (HEPES 50 mM; NaCl 150 mM; Triton X-100 1%; Na3VO4 1 mM; NaF 30 mM; Na4P2O7 10 mM; EDTA 10 mM; aprotinin 1 µg/ml; antipain 1 µg/ml; pepstatin 1 µg/ml; leupeptin 1 µg/ml; benzamidine 2.5 mM; AEBSF 0.5 mM; pH=7.4) at 4˚C, and the resultant supernatants were subjected to western blotting. As adipocytes contain high lipid content, an ultrasonic crusher was used to break up the cells and the protein concentration was quantified using a BCA test kit, according to the manufacturer's procedure. Briefly, protein samples (20 µg/lane) were separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and then transferred to Sequi-blotting polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). The blot membranes were incubated with blocking buffer [5% non-fat milk powder dissolved in TBST (0.1% Tween-20) buffer solution] for 2 h at room temperature and then with the following primary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature (Ab): Anti-adiponectin (cat. no. AF1119; R&D Systems, Inc.; 1:1,000), anti-leptin (cat. no. AF498; R&D; 1:1,000), anti-fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) (cat. no. AF1443; R&D; 1:1,000), anti-UCP-1 (cat. no. MAB6158; R&D; 1:1,000), or anti-β-tubulin (cat. no. ab15246; Abcam; 1:2,000). The membranes were washed and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary Ab for 2 h at room temperature. Then, Immobilon reagent (EMD Millipore) was used for visualization with an LAS-400 Lumino image analyser (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation). Blots were quantitatively analysed by Quantity One 4.5.2 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).

SFRP4 and IL-1β treatment

Brown preadipocytes were treated with recombinant mouse SFRP4 (cat. no. 50053-M08H; 1, 10 or 100 ng/ml) or IL-1β (cat. no. 50101-MNAE; 25 ng/ml) active protein (Sino Biological Company) at the dedicated time points as described previously (17).

Statistical analysis

All data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using either Student's t-test when the F value was equal or Welch's t-test when the F value was not equal. Four groups of data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison procedure. For unequal variances, data were evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis test. In order to avoid the false positive error in the data analysis, Bonferroni correction was performed as the post-hoc tests following Kruskal-Wallis tests. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Expression pattern of SFRP4 in brown adipocyte differentiation

Primary cultured brown preadipocytes were isolated from the scapular region of mice, and the addition of differentiation medium promoted the expression of gene cascade and induced differentiation into mature brown adipocytes. The isolated cells exhibited increased numbers of Oil red O stained lipid vesicles with culturing, and most preadipocytes were filled with numerous lipids after 8 days of differentiation; this suggests that in the process of culturing, brown adipocytes mature from precursors (data not shown). Next, RT-PCR was performed to investigate the brown adipocyte-specific gene expression pattern. As expected, the expression of UCP-1 was markedly increased during brown adipogenesis (Fig. 2A). At the same time, the level of SFRP4 mRNA was significantly increased after incubation with inducers from day-2 to day 0, but decreased at day 2. The level of SFRP4 mRNA was significantly increased after incubation with inducers from day 6 to 8 (Fig. 2B).

Figure 2 Expression pattern of SFRP4 and UCP-1 in brown adipocyte differentiation. (A) Brown adipocyte-specific gene UCP-1 mRNA expression was analysed by RT-qPCR. (B) SFRP4 mRNA expression was analysed by RT-qPCR. Cells were induced to differentiate into mature brown adipocytes for 8 days, and then, cells were collected every other day. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. n=3 for each group. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 vs. control. SFRP4, secreted frizzled related protein 4; UCP-1, uncoupling protein 1; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.

SFRP4 promotes primary brown preadipocyte differentiation

To explore whether SFRP4 is involved in the management of brown adipogenic differentiation, the effect of SFRP4 during brown adipogenesis was detected. Brown preadipocytes were isolated from murine BAT and SFRP4 was overexpressed using three different concentrations of recombinant active protein (1, 10 and 100 ng/ml). Interestingly, primary brown adipocytes formed more lipid droplets, and the differentiation rate was up to ~90% with the treatment of high-dose SFRP4 recombinant protein, as the differentiation rate of the control group was just ~70% (Fig. 3A and B). Adipogenic markers of brown adipocytes were assessed by RT-qPCR and western blotting (Figs. 3 and 4). Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4 (GLUT4), cell death-inducing dffa-like effector a (Cidea), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), C/EBPβ, UCP-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) mRNAs were significantly increased. For a more detailed examination of SFRP4, western blotting we also performed to analyse protein expression. The results revealed that SFRP4 significantly inhibited adiponectin protein expression in a dose-independent manner but increased leptin secretion at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/ml (Fig. 4A and C). These results clearly implied that SFRP4 induces brown preadipocyte differentiation into mature adipocytes.

Figure 3 SFRP4 promotes brown preadipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Brown preadipocytes incubated with SFRP4 during maintenance and differentiation in different concentration gradients of 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml. (A) Photomicrographs show Oil Red O staining of cells on day 8 of differentiation. Magnification, x200. (B) mRNA expression of the brown adipocyte adipogenic markers C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, GLUT4 and Cidea, UCP-1, PGC-1α and PRDM16 were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. At a concentration of 100 ng/ml SFRP4, the levels of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, GLUT4 and Cidea were all 1.5-fold higher compared with those in the absence of SFRP4. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; n=4 for each group. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 vs. control. SFRP4, secreted frizzled related protein 4; UCP-1, uncoupling protein 1; C/EBPα/β, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α/β; GLUT4, solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4; Cidea, cell death-inducing dffa-like effector a; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, coactivator 1α; PRDM16, PR domain containing 16.

Figure 4 SFRP4 regulates adipogenic protein expression in brown adipocytes. (A) Adiponectin and leptin protein expression were measured by western blotting. (B) FABP4 protein expression was measured by western blotting. (C) Quantification of western blot analysis. With SFRP4 treatment, adiponectin protein expression was significantly inhibited in a dose-independent manner, and leptin protein expression was 1.4- and 2.5-fold at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/ml, respectively, after SFRP4 treatment. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. n=4 for each group. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 vs. control. SFRP4, secreted frizzled related protein 4; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4.

IL-1β has no effect on SFRP4 expression enhancement in brown adipocytes

A previous study demonstrated that SFRP4 expression correlated with inflammatory markers and was stimulated by IL-1β in islets (11). To further establish the regulation of IL-1β in the context of SFRP4, the effect of SFRP4 on the sensitivity to IL-1β was evaluated. The results show that the brown adipocyte differentiation efficiency was significantly decreased after incubation with IL-1β at a concentration of 25 ng/ml. The upper images of Fig. 5A show the cell morphology by inverted phase contrast microscopy. To evaluate the accumulation of lipid droplets during brown adipocyte differentiation, Oil Red O staining was performed (Fig. 5A). As expected, lipid accumulation was decreased by treatment with IL-1β (Fig. 5A). However, no changes were observed in SFRP4 mRNA expression (Fig. 5B). Quantification of this effect revealed a significant fact that IL-1β cannot influence SFRP4 expression in brown adipocytes.

Figure 5 Brown preadipocytes incubated with IL-1β during maintenance and differentiation at a concentration of 25 ng/ml. (A) Photomicrographs show Oil Red O staining of cells on day 8 of differentiation. Magnification, x200. The upper images show the cell morphology captured with inverted phase contrast microscopy. To evaluate the accumulation of lipid droplets during brown adipocyte differentiation, Oil Red O staining was performed and the images are presented on the bottom panels. (B) mRNA expression of SFRP4 was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR with 25 ng/ml IL-1β treatment. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. n=4 for each group. IL-1β, interleukin-1β; SFRP4, secreted frizzled related protein 4.

C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ mRNA expression levels were not changed after treatment, while IL-1β, Cidea and UCP-1 mRNA expression were significantly decreased after treatment compared with the control condition (Fig. 6A). After treatment with IL-1β, UCP-1 protein expression was consistent with the change in mRNA expression. However, adiponectin protein expression was significantly increased compared with the control group in brown adipocytes (Fig. 6B). These data demonstrated that although the inflammatory factor IL-1β has antiadipogenic function, it did not promote SFRP4 expression in adipocytes as it did in islet cells.

Figure 6 IL-1β inhibits the mRNA and protein expression of adipogenic markers. (A) C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, Cidea, PPARγ and UCP-1 were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. At the concentration of 25 ng/ml IL-1β, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ were not changed compared with the absence of IL-1β. Cidea and UCP-1 mRNA expression levels were all significantly decreased in the presence of IL-1β compared with the absence of IL-1β. (B) Adiponectin, FABP4 and UCP-1 were analysed by western blotting. (C) Quantification of western blotting analysis. With the treatment of IL-1β, adiponectin protein expression was significantly increased with the treatment of IL-1β. UCP-1 protein expression was decreased 0.5-fold compared with the absence of IL-1β. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. n=4 for each group. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 vs. control. UCP-1, uncoupling protein 1; C/EBPα/β, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α/β; Cidea, cell death-inducing dffa-like effector a; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4.

Discussion

As the worldwide rates of obesity and associated metabolic disorders have increased, better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying adipocyte formation and fat tissue expansion is required (18). The present study demonstrated increasing expression pattern of SFRP4 in mouse preadipocytes during differentiation. In brown preadipocytes, incubation with gradient doses of SFRP4 (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) promoted the formation of lipid droplets in brown adipocytes by morphological observation. Furthermore, it was discovered that high-dose SFRP4 significantly accelerated the thermogenic metabolism of brown adipocytes by regulating the secretion of leptin and adiponectin. Additionally, the potential of IL-1β as an upstream factor to regulate SFRP4 expression in brown adipocytes was investigated. The results showed that in addition to inhibiting the differentiation of brown adipocytes, IL-1β has no effect on the expression of SFRP4.

BAT is the main source of non-shivering thermogenesis and heat production in mammals, containing a large number of mitochondria with strong oxidation capacity (19). UCP-1, existing in the inner membrane of mitochondria and providing heat for cells in the form of an uncoupled respiratory chain, is expressed specifically in brown adipocytes (5). In rodents, brown adipocytes are found in specific brown adipocyte depots, such as the scapula, neck and the chest of mice (20). In addition to heat production, BAT also has some physiological functions. Firstly, the thermogenic activity of BAT can be added to the clearance of triglycerides in plasma, regulate the homeostasis of vascular lipoproteins, and effectively alleviate the formation of atherosclerotic plaques (21). Secondly, BAT allows the body adapt to the cold external environment and promotes energy consumption to prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes (22). According to this characteristic of BAT, the excess energy stored is consumed spontaneously, which was also applicable to BAT transplantation individuals (23). Thirdly, as an endocrine organ in the mammalian body, in addition to adipocytokine secretion, brown adipocytes also regulate the inflammatory response of the body by secreting inflammatory factors to the extracellular space (24). In the present study, it was found that SFRP4 promoted brown adipocyte differentiation, indicating that overexpression of SFRP4 significantly increased the number of mature brown adipocytes in the brown adipose depot, which is conducive to maintaining endocrine homeostasis and energy metabolism balance in mice.

In the present study, the SFRP4 expression pattern was ‘S’ style during the brown adipocyte differentiation, as the SFRP4 mRNA expression was increased at day 0, decreased at day 2, then increased again from day 2 to day 8 following the brown adipocyte differentiation; which was an interesting phenomenon worthy of attention. Firstly, the preadipocytes were seeded in dishes and the time point was set as day-4, and the cell density was ~70%. After incubation for two days, the cells proliferated to ~80-90% at day-2. At time point 0, the cells proliferated and fused to differentiate into mature adipocytes. It was speculated that in the cell proliferation phase, SFRP4 promoted cell proliferation. However, at days 0 to 4, induction medium was added to induce cell differentiation, and the preadipocytes exhibited contact inhibition and cell proliferation arrest. The expression of SFRP4 had no effect on cell differentiation at the early stage. It was noteworthy that on days 6 to 8, the brown adipocytes differentiated into mature adipocytes and formed lipid droplets, and SFRP4 promoted brown adipocyte differentiation and lipid formation.

It has been confirmed that PPARγ, as a marker gene of adipocyte differentiation, is not only essential for the development of all types of adipocytes but also plays an important role in the process of adipocyte de novo differentiation (25). Moreover, PPARγ increases the capacity of mitochondria and the potential for uncoupling, promoting the browning of white adipocytes (26). Based on this, C/EBP family members play a major role in maintaining PPARγ expression and coregulating transcription to intensify and maintain adipocyte differentiation (27). A previous study reported that the absence of C/EBPα in mice prevents the development of white adipocytes and has no effect on brown adipocyte formation, which suggests that the absence of C/EBPα may be compensated by upregulating the expression of C/EBPβ in brown adipose tissue (28). However, the present study confirmed that overexpression of SFRP4 promoted C/EBPα and C/EBPβ expression in brown adipocytes rather than PPARγ.

Importantly, Seale et al (29) demonstrated that zinc-finger protein PRDM16 is highly expressed in BAT compared with the WAT and activated the brown adipocyte identity by direct binding to PGC-1α and PGC-1β to control the determination of brown adipocyte fate. Meanwhile, the expression level of PGC-1α was elevated upon cold exposure and controlled mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration regulated by UCP-1(30). Specifically, overexpression of PGC-1α promoted the brown adipocyte phenotype formation (31).

In Fig. 3, after incubation with SFRP4, the C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, Cidea and GLUT4 mRNA expression levels were significantly increased. However, only PPARγ and adiponectin mRNA expression were unchanged with SFRP4 treatment. Firstly, as previously reported, C/EBPα and C/EBPβ are adipocyte markers used to evaluate differentiation (32). In the present study, it was demonstrated that C/EBPα and C/EBPβ were increased significantly after incubation with SFRP4 (10 and 100 ng/ml). Secondly, Cidea, a lipid droplet-associated protein, was highly expressed after induction by high concentrations of recombinant SFRP4 in the present study. Additionally, Cidea specifically strengthened and regulated the transcription of UCP-1 in the nucleus of human fat cells (33). Thirdly, in the present study, the mRNA expression of PPARγ and adiponectin were measured in mature brown adipocytes at day 8. It was speculated that PPARγ was expressed at the early stage of brown adipocyte differentiation, and no difference in PPARγ mRNA expression could be detected at the terminal differentiation stage of brown adipocytes. Despite the statement that SFRP4 promotes brown adipocyte differentiation in vitro was strong, additional in vivo experiments were needed to elucidate the potential mechanism of this subject in the future.

As an important endocrine organ, BAT secretes several types of adipocytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, to participate in physiological metabolism (34). Leptin, an important secretory protein, regulates food intake and energy consumption (35). For example, Wang et al (36) discovered that leptin promoted the browning of white adipocytes by inhibiting the Hh signalling pathway to decrease obesity in mice. In terms of energy balance, leptin also maintains the thermogenesis of brown adipocytes to achieve a steady state and further participate in and support the regulation of brown adipocytes in energy balance (37), which was consistent with the present finding that a high concentration of SFRP4 significantly upregulated the expression of leptin secretion. In contrast, as a polypeptide hormone, a previous study revealed that adiponectin decreases thermogenesis by inhibiting the activity of BAT in mice (38), which was sufficient to explain why even low-dose SFRP4 treatment significantly inhibited the secretion of adiponectin in brown adipocytes. Obviously, the mRNA expression of adiponectin was not consistent with protein expression after treatment with SFRP4 in brown adipocytes.

Gene expression regulation is complex and changeable, especially during dynamic transition (39). The mRNA encoding protein undergoes transcription, translation and posttranslational processes; however, the spatiotemporal variability of genes and the limitation of protein biosynthesis resources strongly affect the association between protein levels and their encoded transcripts (40).

There are many comorbidities of obesity, including chronic and low-grade systemic inflammation, increased adipose tissue, fatty cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia (17). The local infiltration of immune cells and the release of proinflammatory cytokines decrease the activity of metabolism in obese patients (41). Brown adipocytes are responsible for energy consumption and are less prone to local inflammation compared with white adipocytes; however, strong damage from obesity eventually leads to a local BAT proinflammatory environment, which directly changes the thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes, impairs the energy consumption mechanism and fuel matrix glucose uptake (42). There is evidence that IL-1β significantly downregulated the expression of UCP-1 when incubated with brown adipocytes (43). Moreover, IL-1β derived from macrophages significantly inhibited the expression of UCP-1 in C3H10T1/2 cells (38), which was consistent with the present findings. Previous studies have confirmed that the release of SFRP4 in islets is stimulated by the inflammatory marker IL-1β, which provides an association between islet inflammation and impaired insulin secretion (11). However, IL-1β had no contribution to the stimulation of SFRP4 expression in brown adipocytes in the present study, revealing that brown and white adipocytes are heterogeneous and that the expression patterns are quite different (44).

In summary, the present study identified and characterized the role of SFRP4, a secreted inhibitor of Wnt signalling, in various functions in different types of adipose tissue expansion. Future studies demonstrated that the inflammatory factor IL-1β has no effect on SFRP4 expression and secretion in brown adipocytes. Collectively, the present data support the concept that SFRP4 regulates murine brown adipocyte differentiation.

Supplementary Material

Sequences of the primers for reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Funding: This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81900399), Natural Science Foundation Project of Shaanxi Province (grant nos. 19JS060 and 2016JM8122), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Province (grant no. 2019-ZZ-JC034) and the Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province (grant no. 2018SF-266).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

HG, LX, EL and QY confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. HG, HYZ and AX performed the experiments. YL and LX analyzed the data. HG, EL and QY designed the study and wrote the manuscript. JZ and HDZ performed the RT-qPCR and analysis of the data in the revision manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Laboratory Animal Administration Committee of Xi'an Medical University approved all animal experiments (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; approval no. XYJZS 201806025-8).

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References