Long non‑coding RNA miR155HG silencing restrains ovarian cancer progression by targeting the microRNA‑155‑5p/tyrosinase‑related protein 1 axis
- Authors:
- Published online on: August 31, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10672
- Article Number: 1237
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Copyright: © Wen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third commonest gynecological malignancy worldwide (1). Patients are frequently diagnosed with OC at an advanced stage and the 5-year survival rate is only ~35% (2). Despite advances in chemotherapy and surgery, the prognosis of patients with OC remains unsatisfactory (3). High recurrence rates and poor outcomes due to OC metastasis pose serious challenges (4). Therefore, it is necessary to explore the molecular mechanisms of OC progression to discover new therapeutic strategies.
Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs serve multiple roles in the occurrence and development of OC. LncRNA PVT1 regulates EZH2 to downregulate microRNA (miRNA/miR)-214, resulting in the suppression of OC progression (5). LncRNA LINC00319 contributes to OC progression by inhibiting miR-423-5p and enhancing nucleus accumbens-associated 1 expression (6). LncRNA PCAT6 restrains PTEN expression to accelerate the initiation and progression of OC (7). Numerous studies have shown that lncRNA miR155HG (miR155HG) serves critical roles in diverse tumors (8-10). miR155HG promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth and inhibits apoptosis by suppressing miR-802 expression (8). miR155HG deficiency attenuates glioblastoma tumorigenesis by downregulating Annexin A2 expression via an increase in miR-185 expression (9). Notably, the expression of miR155HG is enhanced in OC tissues and cells (10).
miRNAs have been shown to participate in different gynecological malignancies, including OC. miR-126-3p modulates PLXNB2 expression to attenuate OC progression (11). miR-603 suppresses the malignancy of OC cells by targeting hexokinase-2(12). miR-122 inhibits OC cell growth by repressing prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit α1(13). miR-155-5p has been regarded as a pivotal regulator of multiple cancers. miR-155-5p elevation impedes gastric cancer cell proliferation and triggers apoptosis (14). miR-155-5p regulates IGF2 through the PI3K pathway to exert tumor-repressing roles in Wilms tumors (15). Notably, miR-155-5p reduces OC cell viability by inhibiting HIF1α (16).
Tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP) 1 is a melanogenic enzyme and protein (17). Previous research has reported on the relationship between melanogenic proteins and cancers, such as TYRP1 in breast cancer (18) and TYRP2 in retinoblastoma (19). TYRP1 exerts tumor-promoting functions in different types of cancer. Increased TYRP1 expression in lymph node metastases from melanoma patients is related to unfavorable prognosis (20). TYRP1 has emerged as an oncogene in colon cancer and high levels of TYRP1 are associated with decreased overall survival rates (21). Notably, El Hajj et al (22) reported that TYRP1 is a target of miR-155.
Despite the aforementioned studies, the molecular mechanisms of miR155HG, miR-155-5p and TYRP1 in OC progression remain unclear. The present study assessed the expression and roles of miR155HG in OC. In addition, the relationships between miR155HG, miR-155-5p and TYRP1 in OC were determined. The present study aimed to reveal the molecular mechanism of miR155HG in OC cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College [approval no. 2020ER (A) 066)]. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Clinical samples
Patients with OC (n=55) who underwent ovariectomy between September 2017 and October 2019 at the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong, China) were enrolled in this study. Among them, 41 cases were the serous subtype, 8 cases were the endometrioid subtype and 6 cases were other subtypes. The histopathological diagnosis of the cases was in accordance with the diagnostic categories of the World Health Organization 2020(23). OC tissues (n=55; tumor group) and paired adjacent non-tumor tissues (tissue which were 1-2 cm away from the tumor tissues; adjacent group) were obtained the from patients with OC who underwent ovariectomy. Prior to ovariectomy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy was not administered to the patients.
Cell culture
The OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 OC cell lines and normal IOSE80 ovarian cell line (Chinese Academy of Sciences) were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-1640 medium (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% exosome-free fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37˚C with 5% CO2.
Cell transfection
For cell transfection, OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells grown to 85% confluence were transfected with 100 nM of negative control (NC) small interfering (si) RNA (si-NC; 5'-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU-3'), 100 nM of miR155HG siRNA (si-miR155HG-1; 5'-CUGGGAUGUUCAACCUUAA-3'; si-miR155HG-2; 5'-UCUUAAAGGGAAACUGAAA-3'), 100 nM of mimics NC (5'-UCACAACCUCCUAGAAAGAGUAGA-3'), 100 nM of miR-155-5p mimics (5'-UUAAUGCUAAUCGUCAUAGGGGU-3'), 100 nM of inhibitor NC (5'-CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA-3'), 100 nM of miR-155-5p inhibitor (5'-ACCCCUAUCACGAUUAGCAUUAA-3'), 1 µg of empty plasmid (pcDNA3.1-NC) and 1 µg of TYRP1 overexpression plasmid (pcDNA3.1-TYRP1), or co-transfected with 100 nM of si-miR155HG-1 and miR-155-5p inhibitor, 100 nM of si-miR155HG-1 and 1 µg of pcDNA3.1-TYRP1 using Lipofectamine® 3000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 6 h at 37˚C. All oligonucleotides or plasmids were purchased from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. At 48 h post-transfection, the cells were harvested and reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR was conducted to determine the transfection efficiency.
RT-qPCR
RT-qPCR procedures were performed according to the corresponding manufacturer's protocols. In brief, total RNA was extracted from tissues and cells using TRIzol® reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). RNA was reverse transcribed into complementary DNA using the Prime Script RT reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.). The SYBR-Green PCR kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) and TaqMan MicroRNA Assay Kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) were used for qPCR analysis. The following thermocycling conditions were used for the qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95˚C for 3 min; followed by 40 cycles at 95˚C for 15 sec, annealing at 60˚C for 30 sec, elongation at 72˚C for 1 min; and a final extension at 72˚C for 5 min. GAPDH, U6 and β-actin were used for the normalization of miR155HG, miR-155-5p and TYRP1, respectively (8,24,25). Relative expression was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCq method (26). The primers used are presented in Table I.
Western blot analysis
The transfected OVCAR3 and/or SK-OV-3 cells were lysed with RIPA buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) to extract total protein. The protein concentration was detected via the BCA Protein Assay kit. Subsequently, a total of 50 µg protein/lane was separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto PVDF membranes. Following blocking with 5% skimmed milk for 2 h at 25˚C, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4˚C with primary antibodies, including anti-TYRP1 (1:1,000; ab235447; Abcam), anti-Bax (1:1,000; ab32503; Abcam), anti-Bcl-2 (1:2,000; ab182858; Abcam) and anti-β-actin (1:1,000; ab265588; Abcam). Thereafter, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:5,000; ab97080; Abcam) at 25˚C for 1 h. The proteins bound by their respective antibodies on the immunoblots were measured using an enhanced ECL kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and quantified using ImageLab software (version 2.3; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay
OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (2x103/well) were seeded into 96-well plates and incubated at 37˚C with 5% CO2. At each time point (0, 24, 48 and 72 h post-transfection), cell viability was determined using the MTT cell viability assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) under an inverted light microscope (magnification x400; Olympus Corporation).
Wound healing assay
OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (1x106/well) were incubated in 6-well plates. The cell monolayer was then wounded with a 10-µl pipette tip and cultured in serum-free medium. Images of the different stages of wound healing were captured by a light microscopy (magnification, x400; Olympus Corporation) at 0 and 48 h.
Invasion assay
Transwell chambers (24-well; 8 µM pore size; BD Biosciences) coated with Matrigel at 37˚C for 30 min (BD Biosciences) were used to evaluate cell invasion. OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (1x105) were seeded into the upper chamber of Transwell plates (Corning, Inc.) in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium. Exosome-free FBS (10%) RPMI-1640 medium was added to the lower chamber of the Transwell plates. After 24 h, cells that had invaded the pores were fixed with methanol and stained with 0.5% crystal purple at 37˚C for 30 min. Stained cells were imaged using an inverted light microscope (magnification, x400; Olympus Corporation).
Dual-luciferase reporter assay
The putative binding sites of miR-155-5p on miR155HG and the TYRP1 3' untranslated region (UTR) were predicted using StarBase (version 2.0; http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn) and TargetScan (release 7.2; http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/), respectively. miR155HG and TYRP1 sequences were generated with wild-type (WT) or mutant miR-155-5p binding sites and cloned them into pmirGLO vectors (Shaanxi Youbio Technology Co., Ltd.). OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells were co-transfected with the luciferase vectors and NC mimics or miR-155-5p mimics using Lipofectamine® 3000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) for 48 h at 37˚C. Relative luciferase activity was examined using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega Corporation). The activity of firefly luciferase was normalized to that of Renilla luciferase.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc.). Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations. The miR155HG, miR-155-5p and TYRP1 expression of OC tissues and paired adjacent non-tumor tissues were assessed using paired Student's t-test. In addition, differences between two groups were analyzed using unpaired Student's t-test. Differences among multiple groups were assessed by a one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. In the analysis of clinicopathological features, the age, diameter, lymph node metastasis, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (27) and histological grade were analyzed using the χ2 test. The pathological subtype was analyzed using the Fisher's exact test. The significance of the correlations was determined using Pearson's correlation analysis. All experiments were performed in triplicate, and each experiment was repeated three times. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
miR155HG is upregulated in OC
To confirm whether miR155HG is differentially expressed in OC tissues, miR155HG expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR in 55 patients with OC. The results showed that miR155HG expression was considerably upregulated in OC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.001; Fig. 1A). Additionally, miR155HG expression was notably elevated in tumors at FIGO stage III/IV (P<0.01; Fig. 1B). Furthermore, miR155HG expression was clearly enhanced in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells compared with that in IOSE80 cells (P<0.001; Fig. 1C). According to the analysis of clinicopathological features shown in Table II, the expression of miR155HG was not correlated with age, pathological subtype, diameter and lymph node metastasis (P>0.05) but was closely associated with the FIGO stage (P<0.05) and histological grade (P<0.01) of patients with OC. Notably, the number of patients with OC with high miR155HG expression was greater than the number of patients with OC with low miR155HG expression in the ‘low-grade’ (grade G3) type of OC (P<0.01).
 | Table IICorrelation between miR155HG expression and clinicopathological features in ovarian cancer patients. |
miR155HG silencing restrains OC cell viability, migration and invasion while promoting apoptosis
Loss-of-function experiments were performed to investigate whether miR155HG knockdown affects OC progression in vitro. Fig. 2A shows that miR155HG was effectively silenced following si-miR155HG-1 (P<0.001) and si-miR155HG-2 (P<0.01) transfection in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells. Si-miR155HG-1 was used for subsequent assays because of its high silencing efficiency. The MTT assay revealed that the viability of OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells was markedly reduced after si-miR155HG-1 transfection (P<0.01; Fig. 2B). The wound healing and invasion assays revealed that the migration and invasion of OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells were visibly suppressed by miR155HG deficiency (P<0.001; Fig. 2C and D). Bax and Bcl-2 are biomarkers of apoptosis. miR155HG silencing markedly increased the Bax protein expression level and decreased the Bcl-2 protein expression level in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (P<0.05; Fig. 2E).
miR155HG directly targets miR-155-5p
To confirm the miR155HG mechanism of action in OC development, miR-155-5p was identified as a potential miR155HG target via StarBase (Fig. 3A). The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-155-5p upregulation evidently attenuated the activity of the WT-miR155HG reporter in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (P<0.001; Fig. 3B). In addition, si-miR155HG-1 transfection markedly enhanced miR-155-5p expression in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (P<0.001; Fig. 3C). In addition, miR-155-5p expression was dramatically inhibited in OC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.001; Fig. 3D). An inverse correlation between miR155HG and miR-155-5p expression was observed in OC tissues (Fig. 3E). miR-155-5p expression was considerably downregulated in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells compared with that in IOSE80 cells (P<0.001, Fig. 3F).
miR-155-5p elevation impedes OC cell viability, migration and invasion while facilitating apoptosis
To determine the biological function of miR-155-5p in OC, miR-155-5p was enhanced or blocked after miR-155-5p mimic (P<0.001) or miR-155-5p inhibitor (P<0.01) transfection in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (Fig. 4A). miR-155-5p elevation significantly attenuated the viability of OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (P<0.01; Fig. 4B). Furthermore, miR-155-5p elevation markedly retarded the migration and invasion of OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (P<0.001; Fig. 4C and D). Overexpression of miR-155-5p not only significantly elevated the Bax protein expression level but also reduced the Bcl-2 protein expression level in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (P<0.05; Fig. 4E).
TYRP1 is a target of miR-155-5p
To demonstrate whether TYRP1 is a direct target of miR-155-5p in OC, TargetScan was used to predict the binding site for miR-155-5p on the 3'-UTR of TYRP1 (Fig. 5A). The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-155-5p elevation clearly hindered the activity of the WT-TYRP1 reporter in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (P<0.01; Fig. 5B). Additionally, miR-155-5p deficiency visibly enhanced TYRP1 expression in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells (P<0.001; Fig. 5C). Furthermore, TYRP1 expression was upregulated in OC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.001; Fig. 5D). A negative correlation between TYRP1 and miR-155-5p expression (Fig. 5E) and a positive correlation between TYRP1 and miR155HG expression (Fig. 5F) were observed in OC tissues. TYRP1 expression was upregulated in OVCAR3 and SK-OV-3 cells compared with that in IOSE80 cells (P<0.001; Fig. 5G).
miR155HG silencing hampers the malignant biological behavior of OC cells by targeting the miR-155-5p/TYRP1 axis
To ascertain whether miR155HG modulates TYRP1 expression by affecting miR-155-5p repression activity, feedback approaches were used, in which the effects of miR155HG silencing were reversed by TYRP1 overexpression or miR-155-5p inhibition. OVCAR3 cells were transiently transfected with pcDNA3.1-NC or pcDNA3.1-TYRP1. The overexpression efficiency of pcDNA3.1-TYRP1 was high in OVCAR3 cells. TYRP1 expression was effectively enhanced following transfection with pcDNA3.1-TYRP1 in OVCAR3 cells (P<0.001; Fig. 6A). In addition, the protein expression level of TYRP1 was markedly increased in OVCAR3 cells following transfection with pcDNA3.1-TYRP1 (P<0.01; Fig. 6B). As shown in Fig. 6C, miR155HG silencing visibly suppressed TYRP1 expression in OVCAR3 cells (P<0.001), whereas miR-155-5p deficiency weakened the inhibitory effect of miR155HG silencing on TYRP1 expression (P<0.05). The feedback approaches showed that TYRP1 elevation or miR-155-5p deficiency considerably mitigated the inhibitory effects of miR155HG silencing on OVCAR3 cell viability, migration and invasion (P<0.01; Fig. 6D-G). In addition, TYRP1 overexpression or miR-155-5p inhibition markedly weakened the promotive effect of miR155HG silencing on the Bax protein expression level and reversed the reduction effect of miR155HG silencing on the Bcl-2 protein expression level in OVCAR3 cells (P<0.05; Fig. 6H).
Discussion
It has been documented that the expression of lncRNAs, such as PTAR (28), TP73-AS1(29) and CCAT1(30), is increased in OC. In the present study, miR155HG expression was upregulated in OC, suggesting that miR155HG may be an oncogene. In addition, a high level of miR155HG was correlated with FIGO stage in patients with OC. Certain lncRNAs are similar to miR155HG. For instance, high lncRNA PVT1 expression is related to poor prognosis and advanced FIGO stage in patients with OC (5). Overexpression of lncRNA HOTTIP is markedly correlated with advanced FIGO stage in patients with OC (31). Above all, the present study suggested that miR155HG expression may be associated with OC development. Previous studies have demonstrated that miR155HG participates in the malignant biological behavior of diverse cancers (24,32,33). miR155HG silencing diminishes cell viability while facilitating cell apoptosis by targeting PTBP1 to restrain glioma development (32). miR155HG knockdown upregulates miR-155-3p and downregulates TP53INP1, thus retarding the biological behavior of non-small cell lung cancer (33). miR155HG downregulation hinders laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma progression by increasing miR-155-5p and reducing SOX10 expression (24). In the present study, miR155HG knockdown attenuated OC cell viability, invasion and migration while promoting OC cell apoptosis, indicating that miR155HG silencing may inhibit the development of OC.
Some lncRNAs serve as competing endogenous RNAs or molecular sponges to regulate miRNAs in OC. For instance, lncRNA EWSAT1 decreases miR-330-5p expression to accelerate OC progression (34). LncRNA CCAT1 exerts a tumor-promoting role in OC progression by sponging miR-490-3p (35). Notably, lncRNA NORAD induces OC cell proliferation and cell cycle transition by downregulating miR-155-5p (36). In the present study, miR-155-5p was a target of miR155HG and inversely correlated with miR155HG expression, suggesting that miR155HG may influence OC by regulating miR-155-5p. In fact, miR-155-5p is downregulated and acts as a target of miR155HG in some cancers, such as glioma (37), laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (24) and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (38). In the present study, miR-155-5p was downregulated in OC, indicating that miR-155-5p may be an anti-oncogene. Previous studies have determined that miR-155-5p acts as a tumor suppressor in different cancers. For instance, miR-155-5p decreases CREB1 expression to prevent the malignant behavior of WT cells (39). miR-155-5p attenuates bladder cancer progression by regulating MTGR1(40). Notably, miR-155-5p overexpression weakens the promotive effects of lncRNA NORAD on OC progression (36). In the present study, miR-155-5p overexpression inhibited the malignant biological behavior of OC cells and miR-155-5p inhibition reversed the anti-tumor effects of miR155HG silencing in OC cells. In summary, miR155HG knockdown may suppress the malignant biological behavior of OC cells by upregulating miR-155-5p.
Melanogenic proteins are frequently upregulated in different tumors, such as TYRP1 in melanoma (41) and TYRP2 in glioma (42). Similarly, TYRP1 expression was increased in OC, indicating that TYRP1 may be an oncogene. TYRP1 often acts as an oncogene in certain cancers. TYRP1 attenuates the tumor suppressor activity of miR-16 to facilitate melanoma cell proliferation (43). CXCL1 promotes tumor progression in colon cancer by upregulating TYRP1(21). Notably, miR-155 downregulates TYRP1 expression to improve the survival of patients with melanoma (22). In the present study, TYRP1 was a target of miR-155-5p and negatively correlated with miR-155-5p. It was hypothesized that miR-155-5p was involved in OC progression by regulating TYRP1. Furthermore, TYRP1 expression was positively associated with miR155HG in OC. Considering the miR155HG/miR-155-5p targeting relationship, it was hypothesized that miR155HG may enhance TYRP1 expression by inhibiting miR-155-5p in OC. In the present study, feedback approaches revealed that TYRP1 upregulation reversed the suppressed OC cell behaviors caused by miR155HG knockdown. Taken together, the present study suggested that miR155HG knockdown constrained the malignant biological behavior of OC cells by regulating the miR-155-5p/TYRP1 axis.
There were some limitations to the present study. First, the correlation between the expression of miR155HG and the survival rate of patients with OC was not analyzed; however, more data about patient survival will be collected in the future. Second, a normal healthy control group was not set up to compare with the disease group. Third, the present study did not evaluate the effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy on miR155HG-silenced cells. Fourth, there are a number of other downstream targets of miR155HG that have not yet been evaluated in OC. Fifth, the present study was limited to the cellular level and further in vivo experiments are needed to confirm the role of miR155HG in OC.
In summary, miR155HG expression was enhanced in OC. In addition, miR155HG knockdown appeared to exert tumor-repressing roles in OC progression by regulating the miR-155-5p/TYRP1 axis. Thus, the current study may enhance our understanding of the mechanism underlying miR155HG in OC progression.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Funding: The present study was financially supported by the Government- Universities Specific Cooperative Scientific Research Project of Nanchong (grant no. 18SXHZ0251).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
AW and LL conceived and designed the present study, analyzed data, performed the experiments and data analyses and wrote the manuscript. CD and XL contributed significantly to analysis and manuscript preparation, performed the experiments and data analyses and revised the manuscript. AW and LL confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was conducted after obtaining ethical approval from the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College [Nanchong, China; approval no. 2020ER (A)066]. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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