Open Access

Influence of atherosclerosis on the molecular expression of the TRPC1/BK signal complex in the aortic smooth muscles of mice

  • Authors:
    • Lian-Fa Wang
    • Dong-Yun Ling
    • Meng-Xun Huang
    • Li-Wei Tao
    • Quan-Xiu Tong
    • Yong Hou
    • Hua Li
    • Zhen Chen
    • Bang-Zhu Zhang
    • Hong-Tao Lu
    • Yun-Fei Wang
    • Xian-Ge Zhang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: October 26, 2021     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10926
  • Article Number: 4
  • Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one a disease that seriously endangers human health. Previous studies have demonstrated that transient receptor potential channel‑1 (TRPC1)/large conductance Ca2+ activated K+ channel (BK) signal complex is widely distributed in arteries. Therefore, it was hypothesized that TRPC1‑BK signal complex may be a new target for the treatment of AS‑related diseases. Apolipoprotein E‑/‑ (ApoE‑/‑) mice were used to establish an atherosclerotic animal model in the present study, and the association between AS and the TRPC1‑BK signal complex was examined. The present study aimed to compare the differences in the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins of the TRPC1‑BK signal complex expressed in the aortic vascular smooth muscle tissue, between mice with AS and control mice. There were 10 mice in each group. Reverse transcription PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the differences in the mRNA and protein expression levels of TRPC1, BKα (the α subunit of BK) and BKβ1 (the β1 subunit of BK). The mRNA expression level of TRPC1 in AS model mice was significantly higher compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). However, the mRNA expression levels of BKα and BKβ1 were lower compared with those in the controls (both P<0.01). The mice in the ApoE‑/‑ group successfully developed AS. In this group, the protein expression level of TRPC1 was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.01), while the protein expression levels of BKα and BKβ1 were lower compared with those in the control group (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Collectively, it was identified that the protein and mRNA expression levels of the TRPC1/BK signal complex in the aortic vascular smooth muscle tissue could be influenced by the development of AS in mice. Hence, the TRPC1/BK signal complex may be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of AS‑related complications in the future.

Introduction

Atherosclerosis (AS) is an inflammatory disease marked by hyperplastic lesions that are formed in the arterial intima, such as coronary artery, carotid artery and peripheral artery (1). It is characterized by the thickening, hardening, elasticity loss and reduction of lumen size of the arterial wall. AS mainly occurs in large and medium-sized arteries and internal arterial branches. While it is presumed that AS is a disease caused by multiple factors, its etiology remains unknown. Multiple risk factors have been identified, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, abnormal glucose tolerance, age, sex and genetic factors (1). Moreover, AS is the pathophysiological precursor for the development of ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular disease (2). With the improvement in living standards and due to lifestyle-related changes, ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular disease has become a serious threat to human health (3). AS treatment includes surgery and drug therapy. The purpose of the surgical treatments, such as stenting and bypass surgery, is to restore the blood supply by correcting the stenosis or occlusion of the arteries, especially in the coronary and renal arteries, as well as the arteries of the limbs. Furthermore, drug therapy mainly aims to lower blood lipid levels to prevent or inhibit the formation and progression of AS plaques (4). Hence, research on the pathogenesis of AS and disease prevention strategies has become a pressing issue. The efforts of numerous researchers are directed at present towards investigating the prevention and control of the pathogenesis and progression of AS and its related diseases.

Transient receptor potential channel-1 (TRPC1) is a Ca2+ channel present on the cell membrane, especially in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). As a cell receptor, TRPC1 can receive signals and stimuli from both inside and outside the cell (5). The channel is regulated by intracellular Ca2+ concentration. When Ca2+ ions are depleted from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, TRPC1 opens, allowing for Ca2+ inflow, resulting in depolarization and contraction of the cells, which in turn causes contraction of the blood vessels (6). The large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BK) is widely distributed in the cell membranes of vascular smooth muscles. Each BK comprises four α subunits, the main function of which is to regulate the β subunit 1 (BKβ1) (7). When the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is increased, the BK pathway is activated and there is K+ outflow, resulting in hyperpolarization. This in turn inhibits the opening of the Ca2+ channel and reduces the Ca2+ inflow, thereby causing cell depolarization (7). When the blood vessels are treated with BK-specific blockers in vitro, depolarization of the cell membrane of VSMCs occurs, leading to an increase in vascular tension, which shows that the BKs serve a critical role in regulating vascular smooth muscle tension.

TRPC1 can interact with transport and scaffolding proteins, such as β-tublin (8), ankyrin (9), caveolin (10), Homers (11), MX dynamin like GTPase 1(12), ras homolog family member A (13), synaptosome associated protein 25(13) and vesicle associated membrane protein 1(14), which are responsible for vesicle transport, membrane fusion and cytoskeleton rearrangement process regulation. Moreover, TRPC1 participates in signal pathways with proteins such as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3(15), calmodulin (16), Gq/11 (a member of G proteins) (17), phosphoinositide phospholipase Cγ (18), plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase (19), sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (20) and stromal interaction molecule 1(21) to regulate the physiological function of cells.

Previous studies have revealed that TRPC1 and BK form a signal complex on the surface of the VSMC membrane (22,23). The TRPC1/BK signal complex regulates the changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in a stable physical and chemical environment to achieve steady vascular tension and regulate the blood flow (22). The cell membrane of normal smooth muscle cells possesses a large number of caveolae that are framed by caveolin 1. A variety of channels, receptors and regulatory proteins can be found in these caveolae (24,25). TRPC1 in the caveolae interacts with numerous signal molecules or membrane proteins to form a complex and mediate signal transduction. The TRPC1 protein needs to be in the form of a signal complex to perform its physiological function (22,24,25). TRPC1 is involved in the depolarization of the aortal VSMCs, and BK is involved in the repolarization of the arterial smooth muscle cells (22). The hyperpolarization of the TRPC1/BK signal complex can reduce the dopant-induced cell membrane depolarization and prevent excessive contraction of the arterial smooth muscle cells (22). Via Ca2+ signal transduction, TRPC1 and BK can regulate vasoconstriction and diastole. AS leads to a series of pathophysiological changes in the vessel wall and, therefore, the ion channels present on the vessel wall are also affected (22). Although there are a few reports on the involvement of the TRPC1/BK signal complex in the regulation of tension in the VSMCs, in-depth studies on the functional mechanisms of TRPC1/BK signaling in vascular disease, particularly atherosclerotic lesions, are lacking. Further research on the TRPC1/BK signal complex may provide a novel theoretical basis for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease and lead to the discovery of new treatments. Therefore, the present study investigated the expression of the TRPC1/BK signal complex in arterial tissue at the molecular level.

Materials and methods

Main reagents and equipment

The following were used in the present study: TRPC1 rabbit anti-mouse primary antibody (cat. no. NB100-98844; Novus Biologicals, LLC; western blotting dilution, 1:1,000; immunohistochemistry dilution, 1:1,000), BKα rabbit anti-mouse primary antibody (cat. no. NBP1-46701; Novus Biologicals, LLC; western blotting dilution, 1:1,000; immunohistochemistry dilution, 1:500) and BKβ1 rabbit anti-mouse primary antibody (cat. no. NB300-535; Novus Biologicals, LLC; western blotting dilution, 1:1,000; immunohistochemistry dilution, 1:500); β-actin rabbit anti-mouse primary antibody (cat. no. 4970S; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.; western blotting dilution, 1:1,000; immunohistochemistry dilution, 1:200); HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (cat. no. ZB-2301; OriGene Technologies, Inc.; dilution, 1:10,000); ECL kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.); 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) kit (Beijing Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd.); TRIzol® kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.); PCR two-step kit (Beijing Kangwei Century Biotechnology Co., Ltd.); electrophoresis instrument (Shanghai Tianneng Electronics); PCR gene amplification and PCR electrophoresis (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.); fluorescence and chemiluminescence imaging analysis system (Analytik Jena AG); light microscope (Olympus Corporation); paraffin tissue microtome (Beijing Century Science and Technology Co., Ltd.); color digital CCD camera (Nikon Corporation); Metamorph biological imaging software (version 1.12.2; Universal Imaging, Inc.).

Animal studies

For the animal experiments, 10 apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice (purchased from Beijing Huafukang Biotech Co., Ltd.) were used in the experimental group, and 10 wild-type C57BL/6J mice (purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Anhui Medical University; Hefei, China) were included in the control group. These mice were 6-8 weeks old, were housed in the specific pathogen free experimental animal center (temperature, 23˚C; humidity, 67%, light/dark cycle, 12/12 h) and had free access to autoclaved food and sterilized water. The mice in the experimental group were kept on a high-fat diet (17.9% crude fat) to promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaques (26), while the mice in the control group were kept on normal feed for 10 weeks.

Aortic tissue separation

The mice were anesthetized using an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5-1 ml 4% pentobarbital (~80 mg/kg). The mice were fixed on the dissection table, their chest skin was cut along the median line and was blunt dissected on the left and right sides. The chest was opened to reveal the heart, and ~0.5 cm section of the aorta was cut from the heart and carefully separated into the ascending aorta, aortic arch and thoracic aorta. Immediately after the artery was separated, the tissue was washed three times with saline and blotted to remove residual moisture.

Tissue sections

The dissected arterial tissue was immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde, fixed for 24 h at 4˚C and then embedded with paraffin. As the AS lesions are mainly found in the ascending aorta to the aortic arch part during the first occurrence (27), this region was sectioned at 3 µm layer by layer and made transparent for H&E staining (hematoxylin staining for 10 min, then eosin staining for 5 min; room temperature). Sections were observed using a light microscope. In the film, obvious AS lesions were observed, thereby indicating the success in modeling AS in the ApoE-/- mice.

Separation of vascular smooth muscle layer

Using the ApoE-/- mice in which AS were successfully established, the aorta was isolated using the same method as aforementioned. To observe the middle vascular smooth muscle layer, the vascular outer membrane was stripped off with ophthalmic tweezers and the endovascular layer was scrapped away using absorbent cotton. Finally, the middle smooth muscle layer was obtained for the subsequent experimental study, as described below.

mRNA detection

Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was performed as previously reported (28). Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) from VSMC tissue of the middle layer vessels. A universal RT-PCR detection kit from Beijing ComWin Biotech Co., Ltd. was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Genes coding for TRPC1, BKα and BKβ1 proteins were denoted as TRPC1, K+ Ca2+-activated channel subfamily M α 1 (KCNMA1) and K+ Ca2+-activated channel subfamily M regulatory β subunit 1 (KCNMB1). The following primers were used: TRPC1 sense, 5’-GCCGTAA GCCCACCTGTAA-3’ and antisense, 5’-TTGTGAGCCA CCACTTTGAG-3’; KCNMA1 sense, 5’-CGGGGTCTTG CAGGCTAAT-3’ and antisense, 5’-GGTCATCGTCATCGT CTTGGT-3’; KCNMB1 sense, 5’-CGGGGTCTTGCAGGC TAAT-3’ and antisense, 5’-CGCCAAGATGGATAGGGA-3’; and GAPDH sense, 5’-GGAAGCTTGTCATCAACGGG-3’ and antisense, 5-AGTGATGGCATGGACTGTGG-3’. These were designed using the mouse TRPC1, KCNMA1 and KCNMB1 sequences from PubMed GeneBank. GAPDH was used as the internal reference. The primers were synthesized by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. RT-PCR was performed using the Mastercycler personal (Eppendorf). Following RT and cDNA amplification, PCR was performed with the following thermocycling conditions: 94˚C for 3 min; 30 cycles of 94˚C for 30 sec, 55˚C for 30 sec, 72˚C for 2 min; and 72˚C for 5 min. The products were analyzed via electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel, and ethidium bromide was used for visualization. Next, images were captured using a radiography gel imaging system (ProteinSimple). Densitometry of each band was performed using TotalLab Quant (version 12; TotalLab Ltd.).

Western blot analysis

The smooth muscle cell layers obtained by peeling off the adventitial layers with forceps were homogenized and after a round of high speed (12,000 x g; 4˚C; 5 min) centrifugation, the supernatant was obtained and the total protein concentration was measured by detecting the A562 absorbance value. RIPA buffer (cat. no. P0013B; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was used for protein extraction. The BCA method was used for protein determination. The samples (75 µg protein/lane) were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE and the proteins were transferred onto a PVDF membrane, which was blocked using 5% skimmed milk at room temperature for 2 h. After incubating with primary antibodies (TRPC1, BKα, BKβ1 or β-actin rabbit anti-mouse primary antibodies) on a shaker at 4˚C overnight, followed by incubation with secondary antibody (HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody) for 1 h at room temperature, the proteins were detected on an X-ray film using an ECL kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Densitometry was performed via ImageJ software (v1.8.0.112; National Institutes of Health).

Immunohistochemistry

Samples obtained from the operation were fixed at 4˚C in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 h and then embedded in paraffin. Paraffin-embedded samples were sectioned into 5-mm-thick sections and the slides were incubated at 56˚C for 4 h. The sections from paraffin-embedded aortic smooth muscle layers were de-paraffinized and hydrated. Antigen retrieval was carried out by adding 10 mmol/l sodium citrate solution (pH 6.0±0.1) and heating in the microwave for 10 min. Next, 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution added to the sections for 10 min at room temperature for reducing the activity of endogenous peroxidase. The sections were incubated overnight at 4˚C with the following primary monoclonal antibodies: TRPC1 (Alomone Labs), BKα (Alomone Labs) and BKβ1 (Alomone Labs). Next, the sections were incubated with appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (OriGene Technologies, Inc.) for 30 min at 37˚C. Then, DAB was added to the sections for coloration for 3 min at room temperature and terminated by adding double distilled water. Finally, hematoxylin counterstaining was performed for 4 min at room temperature. For negative controls, the primary antibody was omitted. Subsequently, under light microscope (magnification, x400), a Nikon color digital CCD camera was used to capture the images of each group of immunohistochemical staining sections.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical differences were examined using one-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls post hoc test and SigmaStat 4.0 software (Systat Software, Inc.). All experiments, including RT-PCR, western blotting and animal tissue staining, were repeated independently on samples from at least 3 mice, yielding similar results. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Graphs were plotted using GraphPad Prism 6.01 (GraphPad Software, Inc.).

Results

Atherosclerotic lesions

After H&E staining, the aortic tissue sections from the ApoE-/- mice were observed under an Olympus microscope (BX 53) (Fig. 1) and atherosclerotic lesions (shown by arrows in Fig. 1B) were detected, suggesting that the AS model was successfully established. The aortic sections collected from the mice in the control group did not have any atherosclerotic lesions.

TRPC1, BKα and BKβ1 mRNA expression

Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression level of TRPC1 in aortic vascular smooth muscle of AS group was increased significantly (P<0.05; Fig. 2), whereas the mRNA expression levels of BKα and BKβ1 were decreased (P<0.01).

TRPC1, BKα and BKβ1 protein expression

In Fig. 3, the grayish-yellow regions show the proteins of vascular smooth muscle tissue stained by the immunohistochemical reaction, and the blue parts show the nucleus. Compared with the control group, the protein expression level of TRPC1 in the mice in the AS group was increased (P<0.01), whereas the expression level of BKα protein was decreased (P<0.01), as seen in the slides under the same background light intensity. Moreover, BKβ1 protein expression was also decreased (P<0.05). The increase and decrease of these protein expression levels were consistent with the results of the western blotting (Fig. 4).

TRPC1, BKα and BKβ1 protein expression as detected via western blotting

Compared with the control group, the expression level of TRPC1 protein in the AS group was increased (P<0.05; Fig. 4), whereas BKα and BKβ1 protein expression was decreased (P<0.01; Fig. 4).

Discussion

AS is a form of vascular stenosis disease. Inflammatory lesions are the first signs of pathogenesis, which are characterized by the formation of lipid plaques on the arterial wall that can gradually thicken, resulting in vascular stenosis or vascular embolism caused by plaque rupture (29). Since hyperlipidemia is the most important risk factor leading to AS, simulating it in vivo is an ideal method to establish an AS model. Moreover, ApoE is a key regulator of plasma lipid levels, as shown by the fact that mice and humans lacking ApoE have markedly increased plasma cholesterol levels, as well as AS development (30).

When the ApoE gene is knocked out, ApoE cannot be synthesized in the body and the resultant lack of it the in blood can cause significant changes in the content of various lipoproteins. This leads to accumulation of lipids in the blood vessel walls, which is a direct consequence of the formation of lipid oxidation products, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol (30). This can also promote phagocytosis in the blood vessel wall and lead to the formation of foamy macrophages, causing a series of inflammatory responses within the blood vessels involving of a variety of cells. The phenomenon occurs in a loop and results in the formation of vascular atherosclerotic plaques (31,32).

Atherosclerotic lesions gradually penetrate the endothelium and invade the smooth muscle layers and the outer layers (27). During the progression of AS, the protein expression of various ion channels on the vascular wall cells is affected to varying degrees (33). The alterations in the ion channel proteins of the VSMCs change the internal and external physiological and biochemical processes which is crucial for the vascular smooth muscle systolic and diastolic function, thereby affecting blood flow (33,34). The proteins related to the TRPC1 pathway have been detected on a variety of cell membranes, particularly on the VSMC membrane (34). BK is also an ion channel that is present on the cell membrane and is highly dependent on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and mediates intracellular K+ transport (35). In previous years, studies using immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, patch clamp tests and vascular tension measurements, as well as other research techniques, have shown that TRPC1 and BK form an ion signal complex in the thoracic aortic VSMC membrane of C57BL/6J mice (22,31). The common regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration affects the cell surface membrane potential and, in turn, controls the vascular tension (22). In addition, studies using diabetic rats have shown significant differences in the expression of the BK protein in the coronary artery of these rats compared with that in the normal rat coronary artery (36). The present results demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the expression levels of TRPC1 and BK in atherosclerotic and normal mouse aortic smooth muscle tissue, which was consistent with these previous studies.

The present study identified that in the aortic vascular smooth muscle tissue of arterial AS mouse models and normal mice, mRNA and protein expression levels of TRPC1, BKα and BKβ1 were different, indicating that the development of AS affects this ion channel complex, at least in the upstream transcription stage of protein synthesis from DNA to RNA. An increase in the expression of TRPC1 on the cell membrane was observed in AS, which leads to increase in the number of open channels and subsequent increase in the Ca2+ influx leading to contraction of VSMCs (34). The Ca2+ ions can also promote intracellular and extracellular matrix proliferation and increase AS vascular stenosis (37). Conversely, the expression levels of the BK proteins are decreased on the cell membrane in AS, resulting in decreased K+ outflow that causes reduction in the hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells and maintains the contraction state, further aggravating vascular stenosis (35). In addition, TRPC1 and BK are physically associated with each other in VSMCs, and Ca2+ influx via TRPC1 activates BK, leading to membrane hyperpolarization (22), and thus, we hypothesize that an interaction of these two channels forms the TRPC1/BK signal complex. Furthermore, the dysfunction of this complex can also increase arterial atherosclerotic lesions and vascular stenosis. The TRPC1/BK signal complex may serve as a new target for the treatment of AS-related diseases. The mechanism of TRPC1/BK in the cardiovascular system is complex and has been well studied (38). However, novel strategies need to be developed using this signal complex in order to treat or prevent cardiovascular diseases in the future.

The present study has limitations. Since an animal model was used in the study, only the protein and mRNA expression levels were detected. Future studies will clarify the function of the two target proteins using inhibitors. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation tests will be conducted to help further understand the role of this complex. At present, the current experiment focused the determination of RNA and protein content. In the future, further in-depth research, such as Ca2+ measurement in VSMCs and the association of other ions with TRPC1/BK signal complex, will be examined.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression of the TRPC1/BK complex molecules is different in vascular AS compared with the control, which may provide a novel target to study vascular disease.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

LFW designed this study and performed the critical revision of the manuscript. HL and QXT participated in the design of the study. DYL performed the majority of experiments and drafted the manuscript. MHX, LWT and YH performed acquisition of data. MXH, LWT, YH, HL, QXT and ZC performed data collection. BZZ, HTL, YFW and XGZ analyzed the data. ZC interpreted the research data. LFW and DYL confirmed the authenticity of the raw data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The animal use protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The 901st Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA (approval no. 20150615).

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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January-2022
Volume 23 Issue 1

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Spandidos Publications style
Wang L, Ling D, Huang M, Tao L, Tong Q, Hou Y, Li H, Chen Z, Zhang B, Lu H, Lu H, et al: Influence of atherosclerosis on the molecular expression of the TRPC1/BK signal complex in the aortic smooth muscles of mice. Exp Ther Med 23: 4, 2022
APA
Wang, L., Ling, D., Huang, M., Tao, L., Tong, Q., Hou, Y. ... Zhang, X. (2022). Influence of atherosclerosis on the molecular expression of the TRPC1/BK signal complex in the aortic smooth muscles of mice. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 4. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10926
MLA
Wang, L., Ling, D., Huang, M., Tao, L., Tong, Q., Hou, Y., Li, H., Chen, Z., Zhang, B., Lu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X."Influence of atherosclerosis on the molecular expression of the TRPC1/BK signal complex in the aortic smooth muscles of mice". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.1 (2022): 4.
Chicago
Wang, L., Ling, D., Huang, M., Tao, L., Tong, Q., Hou, Y., Li, H., Chen, Z., Zhang, B., Lu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X."Influence of atherosclerosis on the molecular expression of the TRPC1/BK signal complex in the aortic smooth muscles of mice". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 1 (2022): 4. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10926