Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 21 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 21 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against Candida albicans biofilms

  • Authors:
    • Li Zou
    • Zhao Mei
    • Tao Guan
    • Bo Zhang
    • Qun Deng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China, Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 413
    |
    Published online on: February 25, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9857
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Minocycline (MH) is a broad‑spectrum antimicrobial agent and semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, which has been widely used in the clinic due to its efficacy. Having the strongest anti‑microbial effect, MH exceeded the traditional scope of antibiotics and its previously unknown antifungal activity is also gradually being discovered. To preliminarily investigate the inhibitory effect of MH on Candida albicans (C. albicans), changes of cell growth, hyphal formation and transition, biofilm production and signaling pathway gene expression of C. albicans in the presence of MH were assessed in the present study. An XTT reduction assay was performed to quantitatively detect the metabolic activity of biofilms and evaluate the inhibition of MH on this. The results suggested that biofilm formation was clearly inhibited by 67% (P<0.0001) in the presence of 250 µg/ml MH, while mature biofilms were not significantly affected. In addition, MH inhibited the transition from yeast to hypha in a dose‑dependent manner. Furthermore, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR revealed that several hyphae‑ and adhesion‑specific genes associated with the Ras/cyclic (c)AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway were differentially expressed following MH treatment, including downregulation of ras family GTPase (RAS1), adenylyl cyclase‑associated protein 1 (CAP1), thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1 (TPK1), adenylate cyclase (CDC35), transcription factor (TEC1), agglutinin‑like protein 3 (ALS3) and hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1) and upregulation of EFG1 (enhanced filamentous growth protein 1 gene) and PDE2 (high‑affinity phosphodiesterase gene). The most obviously changed genes were TPK1, HWP1 and RAS1, downregulated by 0.33‑, 0.48‑ and 0.55‑fold, respectively. It was suggested that MH is associated with alterations in the morphology of C. albicans, such as the repression of hypha and biofilm formation of cells, and MH affected the Ras/cAMP pathway to regulate the expression of cAMP‑associated genes.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Gow NA, van de Veerdonk FL, Brown AJ and Netea MG: Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: Discriminating invasion from colonization. Nat Rev Microbiol. 10:112–122. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Ferreira AV, Prado CG, Carvalho RR, Dias KS and Dias AL: Candida albicans and non-C. albicans Candida species: Comparison of biofilm production and metabolic activity in biofilms, and putative virulence properties ofisolates from hospital environments and infections. Mycopathologia. 175:265–272. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Leidich SD, Faddoul FF, Hoyer LL, Douglas LJ and Ghannoum MA: Antifungal resistance of candidal biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro. J Dent Res. 80:903–908. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Karagoz E, Ugan RA, Duzgun E, Cadirci E, Keles S, Uyanik MH, Yavan I and Turhan V: Comparative study of the effects of intravitreal anidulafungin, voriconazole, and amphotericin B in an experimental Candida endophthalmitis model. Curr Eye Res. 42:225–232. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Pfaller MA, Rhomberg PR, Messer SA, Jones RN and Castanheira M: Isavuconazole, micafungin, and 8 comparator antifungal agents' susceptibility profiles for common and uncommon opportunistic fungi collected in 2013: Temporal analysis of antifungal drug resistance using CLSI species-specific clinical breakpoints and proposed epidemiological cutoff values. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 82:303–313. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Noble SM, Gianetti BA and Witchley JN: Candida albicans cell-type switching and functional plasticity in the mammalian host. Nat Rev Microbiol. 15:96–108. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Sudbery PE: Growth of Candida hyphae. Nat Rev Microbiol. 9:737–748. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Li DD, Xu Y, Zhang DZ, Quan H, Mylonakis E, Hu DD, Li MB, Zhao LX, Zhu LH, Wang Y and Jiang YY: Fluconazole assists berberine to kill fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57:6016–6027. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Nett JE, Sanchez H, Cain MT, Ross KM and Andes DR: Interface of Candida albicans biofilm matrix-associated drug resistance and cell wall integrity regulation. Eukaryot Cell. 10:1660–1669. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Shi W, Chen ZZ, Chen X, Cao L, Liu P and Sun S: The combination of minocycline and fluconazole causes synergistic growth inhibition against Candida albicans: An in vitro interaction of antifungal and antibacterial agents. FEMS Yeast Res. 10:885–893. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

de Oliveira LF, Jorge AC and Santos SF: In vitro minocycline activity on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from chronic periodontitis patients. Braz Oral Res. 20:202–206. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Raad I, Darouiche R, Hachem R, Sacilowski M and Bodey GP: Antibiotics and prevention ofmicrobial colonization of catheters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39:2397–2400. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Gao Y, Li H, Liu S, Zhang X and Sun S: Synergistic effect of fluconazole and doxycycline against Candida albicans biofilms resulting from calcium fluctuation and downregulation of fluconazole-inducible efflux pump gene overexpression. J Med Microbiol. 63:956–961. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Kurakado S, Takatori K and Sugita T: Minocycline inhibits Candida albicans budded-to-hyphal-form transition and biofilm formation. Jpn J Infect Dis. 70:490–494. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Li H, Liu P, Liu W, Gao Y and Sun S: In vitro interactions between fluconazole and minocycline against mixed cultures of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 48:655–661. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Hogan DA and Sundstrom P: The Ras/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and virulence in Candida albicans. Future Microbiol. 4:1263–1270. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Phillips AJ, Crowe JD and Ramsdale M: Ras pathway signaling accelerates programmed cell death in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:726–731. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Li DD, Zhao LX, Mylonakis E, Hu GH, Zou Y, Huang TK, Yan L, Wang Y and Jiang YY: In vitro and in vivo activities of pterostilbene against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 58:2344–2355. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Gimeno CJ, Ljungdahl PO, Styles CA and Fink GR: Unipolar cell divisions in the yeast S. cerevisiae lead to filamentous growth: Regulation by starvation and RAS. Cell. 68:1077–1090. 1992.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Zhong H, Hu DD, Hu GH, Su J, Bi S, Zhang ZE, Wang Z, Zhang RL, Xu Z, Jiang YY and Wang Y: Activity of sanguinarine against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 61:02259–16. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Ma C, Du F, Yan L, He G, He J, Wang C, Rao G, Jiang Y and Xu G: Potent activities of roemerine against Candida albicans and the underlying mechanisms. Molecules. 20:17913–17928. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Ku TS, Palanisamy S K and Lee SA: Susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilms to azithromycin, tigecycline and vancomycin and the interaction between tigecycline and antifungals. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 36:441–446. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Cao S, Zhang X, Ye N, Fan X, Mou S, Xu D, Liang C, Wang Y and Wang W: Evaluation of putative internal reference genes for gene expression normalization in Nannochloropsis sp. by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 424:118–123. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Langford ML, Hargarten JC, Patefield KD, Marta E, Blankenship JR, Fanning S, Nickerson KW and Atkina AL: Candida albicans Czf1 and Efg1 coordinate the response to farnesol during quorum sensing, white-opaque thermal dimorphism, and cell death. Eukaryot Cell. 12:1281–1292. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Ramírez-Zavala B, Weyler M, Gildor T, Schmauch C, Kornitzer D, Arkowitz R and Morschhäuser J: Activation of the Cph1-dependent MAP kinase signaling pathway induces white-opaque switching in Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog. 9(e1003696)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Berman J and Sudbery PE: Candida albicans: A molecular revolution built on lessons from budding yeast. Nat Rev Genet. 3:918–930. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Biswas S, Dijck PV and Datta A: Environmental sensing and signal transduction pathways regulating morphopathogenic determinants of Candida albicans. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 71:348–376. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Huh WK and Kang SO: Molecular cloning and functional expression of alternative oxidase from Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 181:4098–4102. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Huang G, Huang Q, Wei Y, Wang Y and Du H: Multiple roles and diverse regulation of the Ras/cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol. 111:6–16. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Stoldt VR, Sonneborn A, Leuker CE and Ernst JF: Efg1p, an essential regulator of morphogenesis of the human pathogen Candida albicans, is a member of a conserved class of bHLH proteins regulating morphogenetic processes in fungi. EMBO J. 16:1982–1991. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Fuller KK and Rhodes JC: Protein kinase A and fungal virulence: A sinister side to a conserved nutrient sensing pathway. Virulence. 3:109–121. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Cloutier M, Castilla R, Bolduc N, Zelada A, Martineau P, Bouillon M, Magee BB, Passeron S, Giasson L and Cantoreb ML: The two isoforms of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit are involved in the control of dimorphism in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol. 38:133–141. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Feng Q, Summers E, Guo B and Fink G: Ras signaling is required for serum-induced hyphal differentiation in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 181:6339–6346. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Leberer E, Harcus D, Dignard D, Johnson L, Ushinsky S, Thomas DY and Schröppel K: Ras links cellular morphogenesis to virulence by regulation of the MAP kinase and cAMP signalling pathways in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Mol microbiol. 42:673–687. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Cullen PJ and Sprague GJ Jr: The regulation of filamentous growth in yeast. Genetics. 190:23–49. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Lu Y, Su C and Liu H: Candida albicans hyphal initiation and elongation. Trends Microbiol. 22:707–714. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Davis-Hanna A, Piispanen AE, Stateva LI and Hogan DA: Farnesol and dodecanol effects on the Candida albicans Ras1-cAMP signalling pathway and the regulation of morphogenesis. Mol Microbiol. 67:47–62. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Zhu Y, Fang HM, Wang YM, Zeng GS, Zheng XD and Wang Y: Ras1 and Ras2 play antagonistic roles in regulating cellular cAMP level, stationary-phase entry and stress response in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol. 74:862–875. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Lin CJ, Wu CY, Yu SJ and Chen YL: Protein kinase A governs growth and virulence in Candida tropicalis. Virulence. 9:331–347. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Souto G, Giacometti R, Silberstein S, Giasson L, Cantore ML and Passeron S: Expression of TPK1 and TPK2 genes encoding PKA catalytic subunits during growth and morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Yeast. 23:591–603. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Lin CJ and Chen YL: Conserved and divergent functions of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. J Fungi (Basel). 4(68)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Bahn YS, Staab J and Sundstrom P: Increased high-affinity phosphodiesterase PDE2 gene expression in germ tubes counteracts CAP1-dependent synthesis of cyclic AMP, limits hypha production and promotes virulence of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol. 50:391–409. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Nobile CJ, Fox EP, Nett JE, Sorrells TR, Mitrovich QM, Hernday AD, Tuch BB, Andes DR and Johnson AD: A recently evolved transcriptional network controls biofilm development in Candida albicans. Cell. 148:126–138. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Tebarth B, Doedt T, Krishnamurthy S, Weide M, Monterola F, Dominguez A and Ernst JF: Adaptation of the Efg1p morphogenetic pathway in Candida albicans by negative autoregulation and PKA-dependent repression of the EFG1 gene. J Mol Biol. 329:949–962. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Parrino SM, Si H, Naseem S, Groudan K, Gardin J and Konopka JB: cAMP-independent signal pathways stimulate hyphal morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol. 103:764–779. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Lopes da Rosa J and Kaufman PD: Chromatin-mediated Candida albicans virulence. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1819:349–355. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zou L, Mei Z, Guan T, Zhang B and Deng Q: Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against <em>Candida albicans</em> biofilms. Exp Ther Med 21: 413, 2021.
APA
Zou, L., Mei, Z., Guan, T., Zhang, B., & Deng, Q. (2021). Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against <em>Candida albicans</em> biofilms. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 413. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9857
MLA
Zou, L., Mei, Z., Guan, T., Zhang, B., Deng, Q."Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against <em>Candida albicans</em> biofilms". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.5 (2021): 413.
Chicago
Zou, L., Mei, Z., Guan, T., Zhang, B., Deng, Q."Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against <em>Candida albicans</em> biofilms". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 5 (2021): 413. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9857
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zou L, Mei Z, Guan T, Zhang B and Deng Q: Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against <em>Candida albicans</em> biofilms. Exp Ther Med 21: 413, 2021.
APA
Zou, L., Mei, Z., Guan, T., Zhang, B., & Deng, Q. (2021). Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against <em>Candida albicans</em> biofilms. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 413. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9857
MLA
Zou, L., Mei, Z., Guan, T., Zhang, B., Deng, Q."Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against <em>Candida albicans</em> biofilms". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.5 (2021): 413.
Chicago
Zou, L., Mei, Z., Guan, T., Zhang, B., Deng, Q."Underlying mechanisms of the effect of minocycline against <em>Candida albicans</em> biofilms". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 5 (2021): 413. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9857
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team